Abstract
This research investigated the impact of ecofriendly organic fertilizers and bio-fertilizers on the reduction of chemical fertilizer use for minimizing environmental hazards associated with standard soil management practices in rice production under saline soil conditions. Two field experiments were carried out in the northern part of Egypt at the El–Sirw Agricultural Research Station under saline soil conditions during 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. The soil texture was clay with extreme salinity levels of 7.5 and 7.0 dS m-1 during 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons, respectively. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Seven treatments were evaluated, namely, control (no amendments), 165 kg N ha-1, 110 kg N ha-1, 7 t ha-1 farm yard manure + 110 kg N ha-1, 5 t ha-1 composted rice straw + 110 kg N ha-1, Azospirillum brasilense culture + 110 kg N ha-1, and a combination of farmyard manure, composted rice straw, and Azospirillum brasilense culture. Rice variety Giza 178 was used in both years of the experiment. Soil chemical analysis was done at the beginning and at the end of the growing season to determine soil organic matter content and the availability of macronutrients. Yield and yield-contributing characteristics were recorded for all plots. In both years of the experiment, the results showed that the tested treatments significantly affected rice plant growth as well as grain yield and yield components. They also had a significant impact on residual soil organic matter content and available soil nutrients. In the first year of the study, application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 165 kg N ha-1 gave the highest growth parameter values, as well as yield and yield component values. However, it did not produce significantly more yield than the 5 t ha-1 composted rice straw + 110 kg N ha-1 in either year of the study. Application of Azospirillum brasilense culture + 110 kg N ha-1 had the second best ranking. The treatment with a combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culture significantly increased rice grain yield and yield components over the control. Application of 7 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 110 kg N ha-1 was comparable to application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 with regard to the potential to increase soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availability, and both were better in this respect than the sole application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. An important part of the experiment was a comparison of second-year with first-year results to see what effects might occur over time. In the second year of the study, a combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culture was comparable to the rest of the treatments. This reflected a built-up in nutrient availability. This was measurable because the site of the experiments was fixed rather than randomized each year, as is often done in agronomic experiments. It could be concluded from this experiment that the recommended chemical nitrogen fertilizer application could be reduced by one-third with application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost or 7 t ha- 1 of farmyard manure. The treatment with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer alone gave the highest net return followed by the treatment of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost straw + 110 kg N ha-1. Organic manure application gave acceptable yield levels of economic significance, particularly with continued application. From an environmental and economic viewpoint as well as for sustainable soil management, application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 could be recommended for use with salinized clay soils.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The tested treatments significantly affected rice plant growth, grain yield and yield components
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- the tested treatmentse1
- Outcome
- rice plant growth as well as grain yield and yield componentse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“the tested treatments significantly affected rice plant growth as well as grain yield and yield components”
Claim · model-written summary
A combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culture significantly increased rice grain yield and yield components over the control
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- a combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culturee5
- Outcome
- rice grain yield and yield componentse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e5“The treatment with a combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culture significantly increased rice grain yield and yield components over the control”
Claim · model-written summary
In the first year, 165 kg N ha-1 chemical nitrogen gave the highest growth parameter values, yield and yield component values
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- chemical nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 165 kg N ha-1e2
- Outcome
- growth parameter valuese2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Qualifier
- first year of the studye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e2“In the first year of the study, application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 165 kg N ha-1 gave the highest growth parameter values, as well as yield and yield component values”
Claim · model-written summary
165 kg N ha-1 chemical nitrogen did not give significantly more yield than 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 in either year
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- chemical nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 165 kg N ha-1e2
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- did not produce significantly moree3
- Qualifier
- in either year of the studye3
- Comparator
- 5 t ha-1 composted rice straw + 110 kg N ha-1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e2“application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer at the rate of 165 kg N ha-1”
e3“it did not produce significantly more yield than the 5 t ha-1 composted rice straw + 110 kg N ha-1 in either year of the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Azospirillum brasilense culture + 110 kg N ha-1 had the second best ranking
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of Azospirillum brasilense culture + 110 kg N ha-1e4
- Outcome
- rankinge4
- Direction
- second beste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e4“Application of Azospirillum brasilense culture + 110 kg N ha-1 had the second best ranking”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure 7 t ha-1 + 110 kg N ha-1 was comparable to 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 in potential to increase soil organic matter and nutrient availability
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of 7 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 110 kg N ha-1e6
- Outcome
- soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availabilitye6
- Direction
- comparablee6
- Comparator
- application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e6“Application of 7 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 110 kg N ha-1 was comparable to application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 with regard to the potential to increase soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availability, and both were better in this respect than the sole application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure 7 t ha-1 + 110 kg N ha-1 was better than sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer in soil organic matter and nutrient availability
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Application of 7 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 110 kg N ha-1e6
- Outcome
- soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availabilitye6
- Direction
- bettere6
- Comparator
- the sole application of chemical nitrogen fertilizere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e6“Application of 7 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 110 kg N ha-1 was comparable to application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 with regard to the potential to increase soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availability, and both were better in this respect than the sole application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw compost 5 t ha-1 + 110 kg N ha-1 was better than sole chemical nitrogen fertilizer in soil organic matter and nutrient availability
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1e6
- Outcome
- soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availabilitye6
- Direction
- bettere6
- Comparator
- the sole application of chemical nitrogen fertilizere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e6“Application of 7 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 110 kg N ha-1 was comparable to application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 with regard to the potential to increase soil organic matter content and soil nutrient availability, and both were better in this respect than the sole application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second year, the combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum was comparable to the rest of the treatments in nutrient availability
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- a combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culturee1
- Outcome
- nutrient availabilitye2
- Direction
- comparablee1
- Comparator
- the rest of the treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“In the second year of the study, a combination of farmyard manure, rice straw compost and Azospirillum brasilense culture was comparable to the rest of the treatments”
e2“This reflected a built-up in nutrient availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer alone gave the highest net return
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- inorganic nitrogen fertilizer alonee7
- Outcome
- net returne7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Comparator
- the treatment of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost straw + 110 kg N ha-1e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e7“The treatment with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer alone gave the highest net return followed by the treatment of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost straw + 110 kg N ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manure application gave acceptable yield levels of economic significance
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Organic manure applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield levelse0
- Qualifier
- acceptablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e0“Organic manure application gave acceptable yield levels of economic significance, particularly with continued application”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested treatments had a significant impact on residual soil organic matter content and available soil nutrients
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- the tested treatmentse2
- Outcome
- residual soil organic matter content and available soil nutrientse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e1“They also had a significant impact on residual soil organic matter content and available soil nutrients”
e2“the tested treatments significantly affected rice plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical nitrogen fertilizer application could be reduced by one-third with 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- chemical nitrogen fertilizer application could be reducede3
- Value
- one-thirde3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e3“the recommended chemical nitrogen fertilizer application could be reduced by one-third with application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 could be recommended for use with salinized clay soils
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1e4
- Outcome
- use with salinized clay soilse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice Productivity”
e4“application of 5 t ha-1 rice straw compost + 110 kg N ha-1 could be recommended for use with salinized clay soils”
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