Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of biochar on potassium fertilizer leaching and uptake, efficiency and effectiveness of K fertilization, and economic viability of farming maize. Thirty tons ha -1 of biochar prepared from organic waste was applied to an Inceptisol. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 7 treatments, namely control (without biochar and KCl), K1 (200 kg ha -1 KCl), BK0 (biochar, without KCl), BK1/4 (biochar + 50 kg ha -1 KCl), BK 1/2 (biochar + 100 kg ha -1 KCl), BK 3/4 (biochar + 150 kg ha -1 KCl), and BK1 (biochar + 200 kg ha -1 KCl) and three replicates for each treatment. The results suggest that biochar could replace and reduce KCl fertilizer. Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.The results showed that the sole application of biochar increased maize production (6.24 Mg ha -1 ) by 14% compared sole application of KCl fertilizer (5.45 Mg ha -1 ). In contrast, dual application of biochar and 75% lower dosage of KCl fertilizer application increased maize production by 29%. Application of biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1 resulted in the highest relative agronomic effectiveness (137%) and K fertilizer efficiency (18%). This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased K+ availability by 69–89%.
- Treatment
- Biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- availability of nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 69-89% for K +e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased Ca++ availability by 61–70%.
- Treatment
- Biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- availability of nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 61-70% for Ca ++e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased total N availability by 39–53%.
- Treatment
- Biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- availability of nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39-53% for N totale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased P availability by 179–208%.
- Treatment
- Biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- availability of nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 179-208% for Pe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased K availability by 14–184%.
- Treatment
- Biochar applicatione0
- Outcome
- availability of nutrientse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14-184% for Ke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application increased the availability of nutrients by 69-89% for K + , 61-70% for Ca ++ , 39-53% for N total, 179-208% for P, and 14-184% for K.”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar alone raised maize production by 14% compared with KCl alone.
- Treatment
- sole application of biochare0
- Outcome
- maize productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Qualifier
- 6.24 Mg ha -1e0
- Comparator
- sole application of KCl fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole application of biochar increased maize production (6.24 Mg ha -1 ) by 14% compared sole application of KCl fertilizer (5.45 Mg ha -1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with a 75% lower KCl dose increased maize production by 29%.
- Treatment
- dual application of biochar and 75% lower dosage of KCl fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- maize productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dual application of biochar and 75% lower dosage of KCl fertilizer application increased maize production by 29%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with 50 kg ha -1 KCl had the highest relative agronomic effectiveness of 137%.
- Treatment
- biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- relative agronomic effectivenesse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 137%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1 resulted in the highest relative agronomic effectiveness (137%) and K fertilizer efficiency (18%).”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar with 50 kg ha -1 KCl had the highest K fertilizer efficiency of 18%.
- Treatment
- biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- K fertilizer efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of biochar and KCl fertilizer at the rate of 50 kg ha -1 resulted in the highest relative agronomic effectiveness (137%) and K fertilizer efficiency (18%).”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
That application rate produced 7.02 Mg ha -1 of maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The application rate generated sales revenue of IDR 19,305 million ha -1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The application rate yielded income of IDR 8,663 million ha -1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
The application rate had an R/C economic feasibility of 1.8.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This application rate was also superior both technically and economically as assessed in terms of production (7.02 Mg ha -1 ), value of sales (revenue; IDR 19,305 million ha -1 ), income (IDR 8,663 million ha -1 ), and economic feasibility (R/C, 1.8).”
t0“Maize Cultivation”
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