Abstract
Effects of varying calcium (Ca) concentration at constant or varying solution ionic strength on root elongation of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were determined in aluminium (Al) free nutrient solution or solutions containing monomeric A1 activities (E a+,, ,,,,) of 8-10 pM for subterranean clover and 20-22 pM for soybean. In Al-free solutions, the root length for subterranean clover was not significantly influenced by Ca or ionic strength. However, soybean root length was greater at 500 pM Ca than at higher Ca concentrations. Raising the ionic strength at 500 and 5000 pM Ca significantly decreased root length. In the presence of Al, maximum root length of both species occurred at 15 000 pM Ca. Soybean root length at 500 and 5000 pM Ca was 35% and 87% respectively of that at 15000 pM Ca. The corresponding values for subterranean clover were 53% and 81%. The positive effect of Ca concentration on root length, despite a nearly constant C a*, mono, confirms the existence of a protective action of Ca against Al toxicity. Raising the solution ionic strength at 500 pM Ca in the presence of Al improved the root growth of soybean by 86% and that of subterranean clover by 45%. At 5000 pM Ca, a small beneficial effect of increased ionic strength (14%) was found only in subterranean clover. Increasing Ca concentration in solution decreased water extractable and 0- 1 M HN03 extractable Al in roots of both plant species. Transfer of soybean seedlings to Al-free nutrient solutions containing 500, 1500 or 5000 pM Ca after 24, 48 or 96 h in a solution containing C a*, ,,,, of 22 pM resulted in a substantial recovery in primary root growth. Relative root lengths were in each case significantly higher at 5000 pM Ca than at 1500 or 500 pM Ca. Roots transferred to 500 pM Ca after exposure to Al for 6 or 18 h underwent a period of accelerated elongation after a lag period of 30-40 h. By 138 h there were no significant differences in root length between the unstressed control plants and those subjected to 6 or 18 h Al-stress.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
In aluminium-free solution, calcium and ionic strength did not significantly alter subterranean clover root length.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)
Trifolium subterraneume0 - Treatment
- Ca or ionic strengthe1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- not significantly influencede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“In Al-free solutions, the root length for subterranean clover was not significantly influenced by Ca or ionic strength.”
Claim · model-written summary
In aluminium-free solution, soybean roots were longer at 500 pM calcium than at higher calcium concentrations.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- 500 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- higher Ca concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“soybean root length was greater at 500 pM Ca than at higher Ca concentrations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising ionic strength at 500 and 5000 pM calcium significantly decreased soybean root length.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Raising the ionic strength at 500 and 5000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Raising the ionic strength at 500 and 5000 pM Ca significantly decreased root length.”
Claim · model-written summary
With aluminium present, soybean root length was maximal at 15 000 pM calcium.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 15 000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“In the presence of Al, maximum root length of both species occurred at 15 000 pM Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
With aluminium present, subterranean clover root length was maximal at 15 000 pM calcium.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)Trifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- 15 000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- maximume1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“In the presence of Al, maximum root length of both species occurred at 15 000 pM Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean root length at 500 pM calcium was 35% of that at 15000 pM calcium.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 500e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 35%e1
- Comparator
- 15000 pM Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Soybean root length at 500 and 5000 pM Ca was 35% and 87% respectively of that at 15000 pM Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean root length at 5000 pM calcium was 87% of that at 15000 pM calcium.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 5000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 87%e1
- Comparator
- 15000 pM Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Soybean root length at 500 and 5000 pM Ca was 35% and 87% respectively of that at 15000 pM Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Subterranean clover root length at 500 pM calcium was 53% of that at 15000 pM calcium.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)Trifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- 500e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 53%e1
- Comparator
- 15000 pM Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“Soybean root length at 500 and 5000 pM Ca was 35% and 87% respectively of that at 15000 pM Ca. The corresponding values for subterranean clover were 53% and 81%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Subterranean clover root length at 5000 pM calcium was 81% of that at 15000 pM calcium.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)Trifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- 5000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 81%e1
- Comparator
- 15000 pM Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“Soybean root length at 500 and 5000 pM Ca was 35% and 87% respectively of that at 15000 pM Ca. The corresponding values for subterranean clover were 53% and 81%.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 500 pM calcium with aluminium, increased ionic strength improved soybean root growth by 86%.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Raising the solution ionic strength at 500 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 86%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Raising the solution ionic strength at 500 pM Ca in the presence of Al improved the root growth of soybean by 86%”
Claim · model-written summary
At 500 pM calcium with aluminium, increased ionic strength improved subterranean clover root growth by 45%.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)Trifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- Raising the solution ionic strength at 500 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- root growthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 45%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“Raising the solution ionic strength at 500 pM Ca in the presence of Al improved the root growth of soybean by 86% and that of subterranean clover by 45%.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5000 pM calcium, increased ionic strength benefited subterranean clover by 14%.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)Trifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- increased ionic strengthe1
- Outcome
- beneficial effecte1
- Direction
- beneficiale1
- Value
- 14%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“At 5000 pM Ca, a small beneficial effect of increased ionic strength (14%) was found only in subterranean clover.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing solution calcium decreased water-extractable and acid-extractable aluminium in soybean roots.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Increasing Ca concentration in solutione1
- Outcome
- water extractable and 0- 1 M HN03 extractable Al in rootse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Increasing Ca concentration in solution decreased water extractable and 0- 1 M HN03 extractable Al in roots of both plant species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing solution calcium decreased water-extractable and acid-extractable aluminium in subterranean clover roots.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)Trifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- Increasing Ca concentration in solutione1
- Outcome
- water extractable and 0- 1 M HN03 extractable Al in rootse1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)”
e1“Increasing Ca concentration in solution decreased water extractable and 0- 1 M HN03 extractable Al in roots of both plant species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seedlings transferred to aluminium-free calcium solutions after aluminium exposure substantially recovered primary root growth.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Al-free nutrient solutions containing 500, 1500 or 5000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- primary root growthe1
- Direction
- recoverye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Transfer of soybean seedlings to Al-free nutrient solutions containing 500, 1500 or 5000 pM Ca after 24, 48 or 96 h in a solution containing C a*, ,,,, of 22 pM resulted in a substantial recovery in primary root growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovered soybean relative root length was significantly higher at 5000 pM calcium than at 1500 or 500 pM.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 5000 pM Cae1
- Outcome
- Relative root lengthse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- 1500 or 500 pM Cae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Relative root lengths were in each case significantly higher at 5000 pM Ca than at 1500 or 500 pM Ca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean roots transferred to 500 pM calcium after 6 or 18 hours of aluminium exposure accelerated elongation after a 30–40 hour lag.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Outcome
- accelerated elongatione1
- Qualifier
- after a lag period of 30-40 he1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“Roots transferred to 500 pM Ca after exposure to Al for 6 or 18 h underwent a period of accelerated elongation after a lag period of 30-40 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 138 hours, soybean root length after 6 or 18 hours of aluminium stress was not significantly different from unstressed controls.
- Taxon
- soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)Glycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 6 or 18 h Al-stresse1
- Outcome
- root lengthe1
- Direction
- no significant differencese1
- Comparator
- unstressed control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)”
e1“By 138 h there were no significant differences in root length between the unstressed control plants and those subjected to 6 or 18 h Al-stress.”
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