Abstract
The interplay between calcium (Ca) and boron (B), due to their similar structural and physiological roles, is well established in plant biology. However, their specific interactive effects on nodule development, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and leaf ultrastructure in legumes remain poorly understood. This study evaluated how Ca-B interactions influence root nodule anatomy, nitrogenase activity, nutrient accumulation, leaf cellular ultrastructure, and overall soybean growth. Both deficiency and excess of Ca and B reduced shoot and root biomass, disrupted the accumulation of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N), and impaired Ca and B uptake. Nitrogenase activity and nodule fresh weight declined significantly under limited Ca and B availability. Ultrastructural analysis of leaf mesophyll revealed thylakoid membrane dilation, plastoglobule accumulation, envelope disruption, and disorganization of the middle lamella under nutrient imbalance. Optimal Ca and B supply enhanced nodule structure by increasing the proportion of rhizobia-infected cells, cortex thickness, and vascular differentiation. These improvements were associated with enhanced periderm formation, greater nitrogenase efficiency, and higher N accumulation. In summary, Ca and B play pivotal roles in modulating nutrient uptake, nodulation efficiency, cellular architecture, and nitrogen metabolism in soybean. Ensuring balanced Ca and B availability is essential to support nodular structure, maintain cellular integrity, and improve plant performance and yield, particularly under field conditions prone to nutrient imbalances.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Both deficiency and excess of Ca and B reduced soybean shoot and root biomass.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- deficiency and excess of Ca and Be1
- Outcome
- shoot and root biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e1“Both deficiency and excess of Ca and B reduced shoot and root biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficiency and excess of Ca and B disrupted the accumulation of Mg, K and N in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- deficiency and excess of Ca and Be1
- Outcome
- accumulation of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N)e2
- Direction
- disruptede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e1“Both deficiency and excess of Ca and B reduced shoot and root biomass”
e2“disrupted the accumulation of magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N)”
Claim · model-written summary
Deficiency and excess of Ca and B impaired Ca and B uptake in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- deficiency and excess of Ca and Be1
- Outcome
- Ca and B uptakee3
- Direction
- impairede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e1“Both deficiency and excess of Ca and B reduced shoot and root biomass”
e3“impaired Ca and B uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Limited Ca and B availability significantly declined nitrogenase activity and nodule fresh weight in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee4
- Treatment
- limited Ca and B availabilitye4
- Outcome
- Nitrogenase activity and nodule fresh weighte4
- Direction
- declinede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e4“Nitrogenase activity and nodule fresh weight declined significantly under limited Ca and B availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient imbalance caused thylakoid membrane dilation, plastoglobule accumulation and envelope disruption in soybean leaf mesophyll.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf mesophylle5
- Treatment
- nutrient imbalancee5
- Outcome
- thylakoid membrane dilation, plastoglobule accumulation, envelope disruptione5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e5“Ultrastructural analysis of leaf mesophyll revealed thylakoid membrane dilation, plastoglobule accumulation, envelope disruption, and disorganization of the middle lamella under nutrient imbalance”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient imbalance caused disorganization of the middle lamella in soybean leaf mesophyll.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leaf mesophylle5
- Treatment
- nutrient imbalancee5
- Outcome
- disorganization of the middle lamellae5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e5“Ultrastructural analysis of leaf mesophyll revealed thylakoid membrane dilation, plastoglobule accumulation, envelope disruption, and disorganization of the middle lamella under nutrient imbalance”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal Ca and B supply increased the proportion of rhizobia-infected cells, cortex thickness and vascular differentiation in soybean nodules.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- nodulee6
- Treatment
- Optimal Ca and B supplye6
- Interactor
- rhizobiae6symbiont
- Outcome
- proportion of rhizobia-infected cells, cortex thickness, and vascular differentiatione6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e6“Optimal Ca and B supply enhanced nodule structure by increasing the proportion of rhizobia-infected cells, cortex thickness, and vascular differentiation”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved nodulation under optimal Ca and B was associated with higher periderm formation, nitrogenase efficiency and N accumulation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Optimal Ca and B supplye6
- Outcome
- periderm formation, greater nitrogenase efficiency, and higher N accumulatione7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e6“Optimal Ca and B supply enhanced nodule structure by increasing the proportion of rhizobia-infected cells, cortex thickness, and vascular differentiation”
e7“These improvements were associated with enhanced periderm formation, greater nitrogenase efficiency, and higher N accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend ensuring balanced Ca and B availability to support nodular structure and soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- balanced Ca and B availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in soybean plants”
e0“Ensuring balanced Ca and B availability is essential to support nodular structure, maintain cellular integrity, and improve plant performance and yield”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →calcium atom · physiology: enzyme activity · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
calcium atom · nutrient: content · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →calcium atom · molecular: metabolites · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.