Abstract
The effect of calcium compounds [Ca(HCOO) 2 -A and Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ] on the incidence of Phytophthora stem rot of soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro was investigated in the field. Disease incidence in control plants in three fields naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae ranged from 11.7 to 52.0% at 140 days after transplanting. Independent of the pathotype diversity, 4 and 10 mM of the calcium compounds applied twice (prior to transplanting and 14 days after transplanting) significantly suppressed disease incidence and delayed onset. Ca(HCOO) 2 -A (Suicaru) was more effective than calcium nitrate for reducing disease incidence. In most cases, the calcium amendments increased plant height, number of nodes and pods, and seed yields, and reduced low-quality seeds. Scanning electron microscopy with fresh samples showed increased accumulation of calcium crystals around the cambium and xylem elements of soybean plants treated with 10-mM Ca(HCOO) 2 -A and Ca(NO 3 ) 2 . Mycelial penetration was inhibited at these sites. These results indicated that calcium-rich areas may be more resistant to invasion by P. sojae, and the calcium crystals may play an important role in calcium ion storage and its availability for those tissues to maintain long-term field resistance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Control stem rot incidence ranged from 11.7 to 52.0%.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Material
- Tanbakuroe1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Disease incidencee0
- Value
- 11.7 to 52.0%e0
- Qualifier
- 140 days after transplantinge0
- Setting
- three fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Disease incidence in control plants in three fields naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae ranged from 11.7 to 52.0% at 140 days after transplanting”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium compounds at 4 and 10 mM significantly suppressed disease incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Material
- Tanbakuroe1
- Treatment
- 4 and 10 mM of the calcium compoundse0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4 and 10 mM of the calcium compounds applied twice (prior to transplanting and 14 days after transplanting) significantly suppressed disease incidence”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
e2“control plants in three fields naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium compounds delayed disease onset.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 4 and 10 mM of the calcium compoundse0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- onsete0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“4 and 10 mM of the calcium compounds applied twice (prior to transplanting and 14 days after transplanting) significantly suppressed disease incidence and delayed onset”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
e2“control plants in three fields naturally infested with Phytophthora sojae”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium formate was more effective than calcium nitrate for reducing disease incidence.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Ca(HCOO) 2 -A (Suicaru)e0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- calcium nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca(HCOO) 2 -A (Suicaru) was more effective than calcium nitrate for reducing disease incidence”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
e2“Phytophthora sojae”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium amendments increased height, nodes and pods in most cases.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- calcium amendmentse0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of nodes and podse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In most casese0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most cases, the calcium amendments increased plant height, number of nodes and pods”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
e2“control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium amendments increased seed yields in most cases.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- calcium amendmentse0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- In most casese0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most cases, the calcium amendments increased plant height, number of nodes and pods, and seed yields”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
e2“control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium amendments reduced low-quality seeds in most cases.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- calcium amendmentse0
- Outcome
- low-quality seedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- In most casese0
- Comparator
- control plantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most cases, the calcium amendments increased plant height, number of nodes and pods, and seed yields, and reduced low-quality seeds”
e1“soybean (Glycine max) cv. Tanbakuro”
e2“control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium treated soybean accumulated more calcium crystals around cambium and xylem.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- cambium and xylem elementse0
- Treatment
- 10-mM Ca(HCOO) 2 -A and Ca(NO 3 ) 2e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of calcium crystalse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased accumulation of calcium crystals around the cambium and xylem elements of soybean plants treated with 10-mM Ca(HCOO) 2 -A and Ca(NO 3 ) 2”
e1“control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycelial penetration was inhibited at calcium crystal accumulation sites.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Interactor
- Phytophthora sojaePhytophthora sojaee2pathogen
- Outcome
- Mycelial penetratione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mycelial penetration was inhibited at these sites”
e1“calcium crystals around the cambium and xylem elements of soybean plants”
e2“Phytophthora sojae”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer calcium-rich areas resist pathogen invasion and crystals support long-term resistance.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Interactor
- P. sojaePhytophthora sojaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- long-term field resistancee0
- Qualifier
- calcium ion storage and its availabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium-rich areas may be more resistant to invasion by P. sojae, and the calcium crystals may play an important role in calcium ion storage and its availability for those tissues to maintain long-term field resistance”
e1“soybean plants”
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