Abstract
Thailand can export pummelo for only a short period from August to September each year. However, the demand is increasing and lasts almost all year round. Hence, success in controlling the flowering time will expand the export window. In this study, flower induction of 2-year-old pummelo trees cv. Khao Nam Phueng was investigated using five treatments: T1) daily watering (control), T2) water stress by withholding water for 12 d in December, T3) spraying with 750 mg/L paclobutrazol (PBZ) twice at an interval of 15 d, T4) spraying with 750 mg/L PBZ as in T3 combined with withholding water for 12 d and T5) urea fertilizer (46-0-0) application 4 times every 2 wk at the rate of 25 g/tree before the experiment started combined with withholding water for 12 d. The results showed that with the water stress treatments, the soil moisture in the root zone decreased from 28 to 14% and the leaf water potential (LWP) decreased from -0.66 to -2.17 MPa at the end of water stress and returned to normal after rewatering. PBZ application was highly effective in reducing shoot length and could reduce the effect of water stress by maintaining LWP. Urea application combined with water stress could induce early flowering 1 wk after rewatering, while the control trees did not flower. The water stressed trees had the greatest amount of inflorescence. The inflorescence types were classified into four types and most inflorescence had many flowers with leafy shoots. Water stress and PBZ increased the leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and the C/N ratio at the end of water stress, which then slightly decreased until the flushing period, while total nitrogen (TN) decreased and tended to increase until flowering. The results indicated that trees treated with PBZ had comparable flowering and TNC and C/N ratio values to the water stressed trees, while urea applied before water stress stimulated early flowering. Therefore, the application of PBZ and urea combined with water stress to induce flowering of pummelo trees may be a useful development for commercial production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced root-zone soil moisture from 28 to 14%.
- Taxon
- Pummelo
Citrus maximat0 - Treatment
- water stress treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soil moisture in the root zonee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 28 to 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with the water stress treatments, the soil moisture in the root zone decreased from 28 to 14%”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress reduced pummelo leaf water potential from -0.66 to -2.17 MPa, with recovery after rewatering.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- water stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf water potential (LWP)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- -0.66 to -2.17 MPae0
- Qualifier
- returned to normal after rewateringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the leaf water potential (LWP) decreased from -0.66 to -2.17 MPa at the end of water stress and returned to normal after rewatering.”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol application reduced shoot length.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- PBZ applicatione0
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ application was highly effective in reducing shoot length”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol maintained leaf water potential during water stress.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- PBZ applicatione0
- Outcome
- LWPe0
- Direction
- maintaininge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBZ application was highly effective in reducing shoot length and could reduce the effect of water stress by maintaining LWP.”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea combined with water stress induced flowering one week after rewatering, while controls did not flower.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- Urea application combined with water stresse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- inducee0
- Value
- 1 wke0
- Comparator
- control treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urea application combined with water stress could induce early flowering 1 wk after rewatering, while the control trees did not flower.”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-stressed trees produced the greatest number of inflorescences.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- water stressede0
- Outcome
- amount of inflorescencee0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The water stressed trees had the greatest amount of inflorescence.”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Most inflorescences had many flowers with leafy shoots.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Organ / stage
- inflorescencee0
- Outcome
- many flowers with leafy shootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inflorescence types were classified into four types and most inflorescence had many flowers with leafy shoots.”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased leaf total non-structural carbohydrates and C/N ratio.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and the C/N ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress and PBZ increased the leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and the C/N ratio at the end of water stress”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol increased leaf total non-structural carbohydrates and C/N ratio.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Treatment
- PBZe0
- Outcome
- leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and the C/N ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress and PBZ increased the leaf total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and the C/N ratio at the end of water stress”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf total nitrogen decreased during stress and tended to rise until flowering.
- Taxon
- PummeloCitrus maximat0
- Outcome
- total nitrogen (TN)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- tended to increase until floweringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total nitrogen (TN) decreased and tended to increase until flowering.”
t0“Pummelo”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested paclobutrazol and urea with water stress to induce pummelo flowering for commercial production.
- Taxon
- pummeloCitrus maximae0
- Treatment
- PBZ and urea combined with water stresse0
- Outcome
- induce floweringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, the application of PBZ and urea combined with water stress to induce flowering of pummelo trees may be a useful development for commercial production.”
The same questions in other papers
drought · quality: sugar starch · Citrus maxima (pummelo)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
drought · phenology · Citrus maxima (pummelo)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
drought · physiology: water · Citrus maxima (pummelo)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.