Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of temperature treatments on anthocyanin accumulation and ethylene production in the fruit of early- and medium-maturing cultivars that were harvested early during fruit ripening. We first investigated the effects of various temperature treatments on anthocyanin accumulation in detached apples of ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, ‘Akane’ and ‘Akibae’ using an incubator. Three years of experiments demonstrated that at harvest, the lower-temperature treatments induced anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’ fruits, whereas the increases in anthocyanin accumulation under the 25 °C treatment were similar to those under the 15 and 20 °C treatments in ‘Akane’ fruit. The rate of ethylene production did not increase substantially during the temperature treatments in any of the four cultivars, except after the treatments of ‘Tsugaru’ fruit at harvest. The inhibition of ethylene action by the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to detached fruits at harvest suppressed anthocyanin development under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatments in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’, but not in ‘Akane’. In the second experiment, we investigated changes in the anthocyanin concentration in attached fruit of ‘Misuzu Tsugaru’ under different temperature conditions in a greenhouse. At harvest, the anthocyanin concentration in fruit under the hotter climatic condition (29 °C 12 hours/19 °C 12 hours) was lower than that under the control condition (25 °C 12 hours/15 °C 12 hours). During the last week before harvest, anthocyanin development proceeded rapidly in fruit skin not only under the control condition, but also under the hotter climatic condition. The rapid accumulation of anthocyanin in the fruit skin of ‘Misuzu Tsugaru’ at harvest under a relatively high temperature (25 °C) condition was confirmed by the experiment using an incubator. At harvest, the maximum level of ethylene production in fruits sampled from trees grown under the hotter climatic condition was 9-fold higher than that in fruits from trees grown under the control condition. These results indicate that the comparison of pigmentation potential after the 15 or 25 °C treatments using detached fruit was effective for estimating anthocyanin accumulation in fruit skins under hotter climatic conditions in early- and medium-maturing cultivars that were harvested early and that a hotter climatic condition during ripening increased ethylene production in apple fruit after harvest.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Lower temperatures increased anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tsugaru’ fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- ‘Tsugaru’e0
- Treatment
- lower-temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lower-temperature treatments induced anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’ fruits”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower temperatures increased anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tsugaru Hime’ fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Tsugaru Hime’e0
- Treatment
- lower-temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lower-temperature treatments induced anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’ fruits”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower temperatures increased anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Akibae’ fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Akibae’e0
- Treatment
- lower-temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lower-temperature treatments induced anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’ fruits”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 25 °C, Akane anthocyanin accumulation increased similarly to 15 and 20 °C.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Akane’e0
- Treatment
- 25 °C treatmente0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin accumulatione0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- 15 and 20 °C treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increases in anthocyanin accumulation under the 25 °C treatment were similar to those under the 15 and 20 °C treatments in ‘Akane’ fruit”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene production did not substantially increase during temperature treatments except in Tsugaru fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- rate of ethylene productione0
- Direction
- did not increase substantiallye0
- Qualifier
- except after the treatments of ‘Tsugaru’ fruit at harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rate of ethylene production did not increase substantially during the temperature treatments in any of the four cultivars, except after the treatments of ‘Tsugaru’ fruit at harvest”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP suppressed anthocyanin development in ‘Tsugaru’ under 15 and 20 °C.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Tsugaru’e0
- Treatment
- application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin developmente0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to detached fruits at harvest suppressed anthocyanin development under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatments in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’, but not in ‘Akane’”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP suppressed anthocyanin development in ‘Tsugaru Hime’ under 15 and 20 °C.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Tsugaru Hime’e0
- Treatment
- application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin developmente0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to detached fruits at harvest suppressed anthocyanin development under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatments in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’, but not in ‘Akane’”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP suppressed anthocyanin development in ‘Akibae’ under 15 and 20 °C.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Akibae’e0
- Treatment
- application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin developmente0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) to detached fruits at harvest suppressed anthocyanin development under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatments in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’, but not in ‘Akane’”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
1-MCP did not suppress Akane anthocyanin development.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Akane’e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin developmente0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppressed anthocyanin development under 15 and 20 °C temperature treatments in ‘Tsugaru’, ‘Tsugaru Hime’, and ‘Akibae’, but not in ‘Akane’”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Hotter greenhouse conditions reduced anthocyanin concentration in Misuzu Tsugaru fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hotter climatic condition (29 °C 12 hours/19 °C 12 hours)e0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin concentratione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- control condition (25 °C 12 hours/15 °C 12 hours)e0
Not reportedMaterial
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the anthocyanin concentration in fruit under the hotter climatic condition (29 °C 12 hours/19 °C 12 hours) was lower than that under the control condition (25 °C 12 hours/15 °C 12 hours)”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin developed rapidly during the final week before harvest under control and hotter greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruit skine0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin developmente0
- Qualifier
- During the last week before harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the last week before harvest, anthocyanin development proceeded rapidly in fruit skin not only under the control condition, but also under the hotter climatic condition”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Misuzu Tsugaru skin rapidly accumulated anthocyanin at harvest under 25 °C incubation.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Misuzu Tsugaru’e0
- Organ / stage
- fruit skine0
- Treatment
- relatively high temperature (25 °C) conditione0
- Outcome
- accumulation of anthocyanine0
- Direction
- rapide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rapid accumulation of anthocyanin in the fruit skin of ‘Misuzu Tsugaru’ at harvest under a relatively high temperature (25 °C) condition was confirmed by the experiment using an incubator”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum ethylene production was ninefold higher after hotter than control growing conditions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hotter climatic conditione0
- Outcome
- maximum level of ethylene productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 9-folde0
- Comparator
- control conditione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the maximum level of ethylene production in fruits sampled from trees grown under the hotter climatic condition was 9-fold higher than that in fruits from trees grown under the control condition”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Detached fruit pigmentation tests were effective for estimating skin anthocyanin under hotter conditions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- estimating anthocyanin accumulation in fruit skinse0
- Comparator
- 15 or 25 °C treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the comparison of pigmentation potential after the 15 or 25 °C treatments using detached fruit was effective for estimating anthocyanin accumulation in fruit skins under hotter climatic conditions”
t0“Apple Cultivars”
The same questions in other papers
1-methylcyclopropene · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
27 papers more in this group
See all 31 papers →climate site · quality: phytochemicals · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
climate site · physiology: hormones · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.