Abstract
The influence of vegetal extracts derived from red grape, blueberry fruits and hawthorn leaves on Zea mays L. plant growth and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway, was investigated in laboratory experiments. The extracts were characterized using FT-IR and Raman spectroscopies in order to obtain a pattern of the main functional groups. In addition, phenols content was determined by HPLC, whereas the content of indoleacetic acid and isopentenyladenosine hormones was determined by ELISA test and the auxin and gibberellin-like activities by plant-bioassays. The treated maize revealed increased root and leaf biomass, chlorophyll and sugars content with respect to untreated plants. Hawthorn, red grape skin and blueberry at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content values, whilst hawthorn also showed high amounts of gallic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids. PAL activity induced by hawthorn at 1.0 mL/L had the highest values (11.1-fold UNT) and was strongly and linearly related with the sum of leaf phenols. Our results suggest that these vegetal extracts contain more than one group of plant-promoting substances.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetal extracts increased maize root and leaf biomass.
- Treatment
- vegetal extractse0
- Outcome
- root and leaf biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- untreated plantse1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetal extracts derived from red grape, blueberry fruits and hawthorn leaves on Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“The treated maize revealed increased root and leaf biomass, chlorophyll and sugars content with respect to untreated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetal extracts increased maize chlorophyll and sugar content.
- Treatment
- vegetal extractse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and sugars contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- untreated plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vegetal extracts derived from red grape, blueberry fruits and hawthorn leaves on Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“The treated maize revealed increased root and leaf biomass, chlorophyll and sugars content with respect to untreated plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hawthorn extract at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“Hawthorn, red grape skin and blueberry at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content values”
Claim · model-written summary
Red grape skin extract at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“Hawthorn, red grape skin and blueberry at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content values”
Claim · model-written summary
Blueberry extract at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“Hawthorn, red grape skin and blueberry at 1.0 mL/L induced high p-coumaric content values”
Claim · model-written summary
Hawthorn extract produced high gallic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid amounts.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“hawthorn also showed high amounts of gallic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Hawthorn at 1.0 mL/L yielded the highest PAL activity, 11.1-fold untreated.
- Treatment
- hawthorn at 1.0 mL/Le1
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)e0
- Outcome
- PAL activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 11.1-fold UNTe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth and the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)”
e1“PAL activity induced by hawthorn at 1.0 mL/L had the highest values (11.1-fold UNT)”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity was strongly and linearly related to total leaf phenols.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“PAL activity induced by hawthorn at 1.0 mL/L had the highest values (11.1-fold UNT) and was strongly and linearly related with the sum of leaf phenols.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that the extracts contain multiple groups of plant-promoting substances.
- Outcome
- more than one group of plant-promoting substancese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zea mays L. plant growth”
e1“these vegetal extracts contain more than one group of plant-promoting substances”
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