Abstract
Water shortage and poor water quality are critical problems for agriculture in many regions of the world. Roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) are some of the most common garden plants in the world. Despite their popularity, however, they can present challenges to gardeners, particularly in relation to their responses to environmental stresses, such as those caused by arid and semiarid regions. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the tolerance of selected garden roses by evaluating their growth and physiological responses under drought and salt stress conditions. Four experiments were conducted to evaluate 25 garden rose cultivars, including 22 Earth-Kind® rose cultivars. In Expt. 1, four garden roses were subjected to two watering treatments: well-irrigated and cyclic drought stress. ‘RADrazz’ was the most drought tolerant among the cultivars investigated. With lower gas exchange and greater reduction in flower numbers at low substrate moisture content (SMC), ‘Marie Pavie’ was the least drought tolerant. In Expt. 2, two Earth-Kind® rose cultivars were subjected to four constant SMC of 10, 20, 30, and 40 % by utilizing an automatic irrigation system. Plants at 30 and 40 % SMC maintained the highest shoot and root dry weight (DW), flower number, midday leaf water potential, and photosynthetic rate. Plants had excellent performance at 30 % SMC and acceptable growth and quality at 20 % SMC. The 10 % SMC led to significant growth reduction, poor quality, and 25 % mortality. In Expt. 3, six garden rose cultivars were subjected to three salinity levels at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5 (control), 4.0 or 8.0 dS∙m^(-1). ‘New Dawn’ was considered to be the most salt tolerant, while ‘Caldwell Pink’, ‘Marie Pavie’, and ‘The Fairy’ were the least salt tolerant with their greater reductions in flower number and shoot DW. In Expt.4, 18 Earth-Kind® rose cultivars were subjected to two salinity levels at EC of 1.2 (control) and 10.0 dS∙m^(-1). By comparing the growth and physiological responses at high saline solution among the 18 cultivars, ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’, ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were the most salt tolerant, while Cecile Brunner’, ‘Else Poulsen’, ‘Madame Antoine Mari, ‘Perle d’Or, ‘Spice’, and ‘Souvenir de St. Anne’s’ were the least salt tolerant among the cultivars investigated.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
‘RADrazz’ was the most drought tolerant of the cultivars under cyclic drought stress.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)
Rosa hybrid cultivart0 - Material
- RADrazze1
- Treatment
- cyclic drought stresse1
- Outcome
- most drought tolerante1
- Direction
- most drought tolerante1
- Comparator
- the cultivars investigatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e1“In Expt. 1, four garden roses were subjected to two watering treatments: well-irrigated and cyclic drought stress. ‘RADrazz’ was the most drought tolerant among the cultivars investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
‘Marie Pavie’ was the least drought tolerant cultivar at low substrate moisture content, with lower gas exchange and greater flower reduction.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- Marie Paviee2
- Treatment
- low substrate moisture content (SMC)e2
- Outcome
- least drought tolerante2
- Direction
- least drought tolerante2
- Qualifier
- lower gas exchange and greater reduction in flower numberse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e2“With lower gas exchange and greater reduction in flower numbers at low substrate moisture content (SMC), ‘Marie Pavie’ was the least drought tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants at 30 and 40 % SMC maintained the highest shoot and root dry weight and flower number.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 30 and 40 % SMCe3
- Outcome
- shoot and root dry weight (DW), flower numbere3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e3“Plants at 30 and 40 % SMC maintained the highest shoot and root dry weight (DW), flower number, midday leaf water potential, and photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants at 30 and 40 % SMC maintained the highest midday leaf water potential and photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 30 and 40 % SMCe3
- Outcome
- midday leaf water potential, and photosynthetic ratee3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e3“Plants at 30 and 40 % SMC maintained the highest shoot and root dry weight (DW), flower number, midday leaf water potential, and photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
A constant 10 % SMC led to significant growth reduction in garden roses.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 10 % SMCe4
- Outcome
- growthe4
- Direction
- reductione4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e4“The 10 % SMC led to significant growth reduction, poor quality, and 25 % mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
A constant 10 % SMC led to 25 % mortality of garden roses.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 10 % SMCe4
- Outcome
- mortalitye4
- Direction
- led toe4
- Value
- 25 %e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e4“The 10 % SMC led to significant growth reduction, poor quality, and 25 % mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
A constant 10 % SMC led to poor quality of garden roses.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 10 % SMCe4
- Outcome
- poor qualitye4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e4“The 10 % SMC led to significant growth reduction, poor quality, and 25 % mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants at 30 % SMC had excellent performance.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 30 % SMCe5
- Outcome
- excellent performancee5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e5“Plants had excellent performance at 30 % SMC and acceptable growth and quality at 20 % SMC”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants at 20 % SMC had acceptable growth and quality.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- 20 % SMCe5
- Outcome
- acceptable growth and qualitye5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e5“Plants had excellent performance at 30 % SMC and acceptable growth and quality at 20 % SMC”
Claim · model-written summary
‘New Dawn’ was the most salt tolerant cultivar under three salinity levels.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- New Dawne6
- Treatment
- salinity levelse6
- Outcome
- most salt tolerante6
- Direction
- most salt tolerante6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e6“In Expt. 3, six garden rose cultivars were subjected to three salinity levels at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5 (control), 4.0 or 8.0 dS∙m^(-1). ‘New Dawn’ was considered to be the most salt tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
‘Caldwell Pink’, ‘Marie Pavie’ and ‘The Fairy’ were the least salt tolerant cultivars, with greater reductions in flower number and shoot DW.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- ‘Caldwell Pink’, ‘Marie Pavie’, and ‘The Fairy’e7
- Treatment
- salinity levelse7
- Outcome
- least salt tolerante7
- Direction
- least salt tolerante7
- Qualifier
- greater reductions in flower number and shoot DWe7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e7“In Expt. 3, six garden rose cultivars were subjected to three salinity levels at electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.5 (control), 4.0 or 8.0 dS∙m^(-1). ‘New Dawn’ was considered to be the most salt tolerant, while ‘Caldwell Pink’, ‘Marie Pavie’, and ‘The Fairy’ were the least salt tolerant with their greater reductions in flower number and shoot DW”
Claim · model-written summary
‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’ and ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’ were the most salt tolerant of 18 cultivars at high salinity.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’e0
- Treatment
- high saline solutione0
- Outcome
- most salt tolerante0
- Direction
- most salt tolerante0
- Comparator
- the 18 cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e0“By comparing the growth and physiological responses at high saline solution among the 18 cultivars, ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’, ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were the most salt tolerant, while Cecile Brunner’, ‘Else Poulsen’, ‘Madame Antoine Mari, ‘Perle d’Or, ‘Spice’, and ‘Souvenir de St. Anne’s’ were the least salt tolerant among the cultivars investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
‘Reve d’Or’ and ‘Sea Foam’ were among the most salt tolerant of 18 cultivars at high salinity.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’e0
- Treatment
- high saline solutione0
- Outcome
- most salt tolerante0
- Direction
- most salt tolerante0
- Comparator
- the 18 cultivarse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e0“By comparing the growth and physiological responses at high saline solution among the 18 cultivars, ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’, ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were the most salt tolerant, while Cecile Brunner’, ‘Else Poulsen’, ‘Madame Antoine Mari, ‘Perle d’Or, ‘Spice’, and ‘Souvenir de St. Anne’s’ were the least salt tolerant among the cultivars investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Cecile Brunner, Else Poulsen and Madame Antoine Mari were the least salt tolerant of 18 cultivars at high salinity.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- Cecile Brunner’, ‘Else Poulsen’, ‘Madame Antoine Marie0
- Treatment
- high saline solutione0
- Outcome
- least salt tolerante0
- Direction
- least salt tolerante0
- Comparator
- the cultivars investigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e0“By comparing the growth and physiological responses at high saline solution among the 18 cultivars, ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’, ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were the most salt tolerant, while Cecile Brunner’, ‘Else Poulsen’, ‘Madame Antoine Mari, ‘Perle d’Or, ‘Spice’, and ‘Souvenir de St. Anne’s’ were the least salt tolerant among the cultivars investigated”
Claim · model-written summary
Perle d’Or, Spice and Souvenir de St. Anne’s were among the least salt tolerant of 18 cultivars at high salinity.
- Taxon
- Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Material
- ‘Perle d’Or, ‘Spice’, and ‘Souvenir de St. Anne’s’e0
- Treatment
- high saline solutione0
- Outcome
- least salt tolerante0
- Direction
- least salt tolerante0
- Comparator
- the cultivars investigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Garden Roses (Rosa x Hybrida)”
e0“By comparing the growth and physiological responses at high saline solution among the 18 cultivars, ‘Belinda’s Dream’, ‘Climbing Pinkie’, ‘Mrs.Dudley Cross’, ‘Reve d’Or’, and ‘Sea Foam’ were the most salt tolerant, while Cecile Brunner’, ‘Else Poulsen’, ‘Madame Antoine Mari, ‘Perle d’Or, ‘Spice’, and ‘Souvenir de St. Anne’s’ were the least salt tolerant among the cultivars investigated”
The same questions in other papers
growing medium · growth · Rosa hybrid cultivarResults agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.