Abstract
Rose breeders need reliable and efficient germination protocols to exploit all viable embryos in their breeding programme. A combined physical restriction of the seed coat and a physiological dormancy are present in the achenes of hybrid tea roses resulting in variable and not uniform seed germination. In this study, different treatment combinations were assessed to overcome the mechanical resistence of the pericarp and enhance germination. Both chemical and microbial seed scarification were carried out. A mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before stratification promoted a more uniform germination and enhanced the percentage of germination from 49.2% to 65.9%. Epiphytic bacteria, Emercal (TM) (a product composed by bacteria and co-metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation), or Remedier (R) (a commercial formulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridae), added to the stratification sand, enhanced percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on the uniformity of germination. Addition of a compost activator to the stratification sand did not improve seed germination. After stratification, pre-sowing treatments with GA(3) were carried out. Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3) highly enhanced percentage of seed germination (77.6%), mean germination time (26.0 days) and uniformity of germination (2.5%) compared to immersion in water (respectively 64.8%, 32.8 days and 7.9%). Therefore, this study proposes a combination of treatments as a reliable optimisation of seed germination protocols for hybrid tea roses.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite before stratification promoted more uniform germination of hybrid tea rose seeds.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea roses
Rosa hybrid cultivart0 - Treatment
- mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before stratificatione1
- Outcome
- uniform germinatione1
- Direction
- moree1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“A mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before stratification promoted a more uniform germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite before stratification enhanced the percentage of germination from 49.2% to 65.9%.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before stratificatione1
- Outcome
- percentage of germinatione1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Value
- 49.2% to 65.9%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“A mild scarification with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before stratification promoted a more uniform germination and enhanced the percentage of germination from 49.2% to 65.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Epiphytic bacteria added to the stratification sand enhanced the percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on uniformity of germination.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Epiphytic bacteriae1
- Interactor
- Epiphytic bacteriae1other
- Outcome
- percentage of germinated seedse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- no effect on the uniformity of germinatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Epiphytic bacteria, Emercal (TM) (a product composed by bacteria and co-metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation), or Remedier (R) (a commercial formulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridae), added to the stratification sand, enhanced percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on the uniformity of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Emercal (bacteria and co-metabolites product) added to the stratification sand enhanced the percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on uniformity of germination.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Emercal (TM)e1
- Outcome
- percentage of germinated seedse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- no effect on the uniformity of germinatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Epiphytic bacteria, Emercal (TM) (a product composed by bacteria and co-metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation), or Remedier (R) (a commercial formulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridae), added to the stratification sand, enhanced percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on the uniformity of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Remedier (a Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridae formulation) added to the stratification sand enhanced the percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on uniformity of germination.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Remedier (R)e1
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume1other - Second interactor
- Trichoderma viridaee1other
- Outcome
- percentage of germinated seedse1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- no effect on the uniformity of germinatione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Epiphytic bacteria, Emercal (TM) (a product composed by bacteria and co-metabolites produced by bacterial fermentation), or Remedier (R) (a commercial formulation of Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viridae), added to the stratification sand, enhanced percentage of germinated seeds but had no effect on the uniformity of germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Addition of a compost activator to the stratification sand did not improve seed germination.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Addition of a compost activator to the stratification sande1
- Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- did not improvee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Addition of a compost activator to the stratification sand did not improve seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g/l GA3 highly enhanced the percentage of seed germination to 77.6%, versus 64.8% after immersion in water.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3)e1
- Outcome
- percentage of seed germinatione1
- Direction
- highly enhancede1
- Value
- 77.6%e1
- Qualifier
- 64.8%e1
- Comparator
- immersion in watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3) highly enhanced percentage of seed germination (77.6%), mean germination time (26.0 days) and uniformity of germination (2.5%) compared to immersion in water (respectively 64.8%, 32.8 days and 7.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g/l GA3 highly enhanced mean germination time to 26.0 days, versus 32.8 days after immersion in water.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3)e1
- Outcome
- mean germination timee1
- Direction
- highly enhancede1
- Value
- 26.0 dayse1
- Qualifier
- 32.8 dayse1
- Comparator
- immersion in watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3) highly enhanced percentage of seed germination (77.6%), mean germination time (26.0 days) and uniformity of germination (2.5%) compared to immersion in water (respectively 64.8%, 32.8 days and 7.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g/l GA3 highly enhanced uniformity of germination (2.5%), versus 7.9% after immersion in water.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3)e1
- Outcome
- uniformity of germinatione1
- Direction
- highly enhancede1
- Value
- 2.5%e1
- Qualifier
- 7.9%e1
- Comparator
- immersion in watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid tea roses”
e1“Immersion of stratified seeds in 1 g l(-1) GA(3) highly enhanced percentage of seed germination (77.6%), mean germination time (26.0 days) and uniformity of germination (2.5%) compared to immersion in water (respectively 64.8%, 32.8 days and 7.9%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose a combination of treatments as a reliable optimisation of seed germination protocols for hybrid tea roses.
- Taxon
- hybrid tea rosesRosa hybrid cultivare1
- Outcome
- reliable optimisation of seed germination protocolse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“this study proposes a combination of treatments as a reliable optimisation of seed germination protocols for hybrid tea roses”
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