Abstract
Efficient cultivation is essential for the rose industry. Both substrate formulation and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) application both critical, yet their synergistic effects remain limited. This study investigated the synergistic effects of Bacillus subtilis (Bs) and Priestia megaterium (Pm) combined with five substrate formulations on the growth physiology, photosynthetic characteristics, and soil properties of Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’. Two-way ANOVA revealed significant interactions between substrate and PGPR treatments for most growth and physiological indicators. Orthogonal experiments demonstrated that specific PGPR–substrate combinations significantly enhanced plant growth and photosynthetic performance of the studied cultivar, as well as soil quality. Principal component analysis and membership function analysis identified four substrate–PGPR combinations as optimal, with the T4 substrate (humus/perlite/vermiculite/coconut coir/peat/biochar = 5:1.5:1:1:1:0.5) showing the most pronounced effects. In this T4 substrate, PGPR inoculation significantly altered the rhizobacterial community structure. LEfSe analysis revealed 67 enriched microbial biomarkers—substantially more than single-strain treatments. The relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Acidibacter and Chryseotalea increased, and the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing. Compared to single-strain treatments, the combined bacterial application demonstrated superior regulatory effects on plant growth. The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%. These findings demonstrated that tailored combinations of PGPR and cultivation substrates highlight the potential for optimizing rose cultivation and improving the rhizosphere microecological environment.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate and rhizobacteria treatments interacted significantly for most growth and physiological indicators.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’
Rosa hybrid cultivart0 - Treatment
- substrate and PGPR treatmentse0
- Outcome
- growth and physiological indicatorse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant interactions between substrate and PGPR treatments for most growth and physiological indicators”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific PGPR and substrate combinations significantly enhanced plant growth and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- PGPR–substrate combinationse0
- Outcome
- plant growth and photosynthetic performancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“specific PGPR–substrate combinations significantly enhanced plant growth and photosynthetic performance of the studied cultivar”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific combinations significantly improved soil quality.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- PGPR–substrate combinationse0
- Outcome
- soil qualitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“specific PGPR–substrate combinations significantly enhanced plant growth and photosynthetic performance of the studied cultivar, as well as soil quality”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Four substrate and PGPR combinations were identified as optimal, with T4 showing the strongest effects.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- T4 substratee0
- Outcome
- most pronounced effectse0
- Direction
- most pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified four substrate–PGPR combinations as optimal, with the T4 substrate (humus/perlite/vermiculite/coconut coir/peat/biochar = 5:1.5:1:1:1:0.5) showing the most pronounced effects”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR inoculation in T4 significantly altered the rhizobacterial community.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- PGPR inoculatione0
- Outcome
- rhizobacterial community structuree0
- Setting
- T4 substratee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In this T4 substrate, PGPR inoculation significantly altered the rhizobacterial community structure”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment enriched 67 microbial biomarkers, more than single strains.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- combined bacterial treatmente1
- Outcome
- microbial biomarkerse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 67e0
- Comparator
- single-strain treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“67 enriched microbial biomarkers—substantially more than single-strain treatments”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Acidibacter and Chryseotalea relative abundance increased.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Interactor
- AcidibacterAcidibactere0symbiont
- Second interactor
- ChryseotaleaChryseotaleae0symbiont
- Outcome
- relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Acidibacter and Chryseotaleae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Acidibacter and Chryseotalea increased”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined bacteria enhanced pathways related to signal transduction, motility, and RNA processing.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- combined bacterial treatmente0
- Outcome
- functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processinge0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined bacterial treatment outperformed single strains for rose growth regulation.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- combined bacterial applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- single-strain treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to single-strain treatments, the combined bacterial application demonstrated superior regulatory effects on plant growth”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal combinations increased plant height by up to 42.7%.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- optimal combined treatmentse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 42.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal combinations increased root activity by 103.0%.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- optimal combined treatmentst1
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Direction
- increasedt1
- Value
- 103.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root activity by 103.0%”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal combinations increased soluble protein content by 302.8%.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- optimal combined treatmentst1
- Outcome
- soluble protein contente0
- Direction
- increasedt1
- Value
- 302.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble protein content by 302.8%”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimal combinations increased soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.
- Taxon
- Rosa × hybrida ‘Ruby’Rosa hybrid cultivart0
- Treatment
- optimal combined treatmentst1
- Outcome
- soil ammonium nitrogene0
- Direction
- increasedt1
- Value
- 168.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%”
t0“Rosa × Hybrida ‘Ruby’”
t1“The optimal combined treatments increased plant height by up to 42.7%, root activity by 103.0%, soluble protein content by 302.8%, and soil ammonium nitrogen by 168.8%.”
e1“the combined bacterial treatment enhanced functional pathways associated with signal transduction, cell motility, and RNA processing”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · growth · Rosa hybrid cultivarPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
growing medium · growth · Rosa hybrid cultivarResults agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.