Abstract
In the plant physiological literature fructose is classified by some as an excellent source of carbohydrate while others have reported poor utilization or outright toxic effects of this hexose. Experiments have shown that fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae. Upon autoclaving fructose decomposes more rapidly than glucose or sucrose. The plants suffer on the autoclaved media not because of the reduction of the sugar level but because of the toxicity of some of the degradation products accumulated. The decomposition takes place in several steps and may follow different paths depending on the composition of the rest of the media and on the duration and/or temperature of heating. The first products of the breakdown displaying an absorption maximum around 230 nm are apparently harmless. On prolonged heating the absorption maximum shifts to around 285 nm signifying the appearance of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and hydroxyacetyl furan. Both of these compounds are toxic in the 10-4 M range, especially the first one. By thin layer chromatography ten or more dinitrophenyl hydrazones of the decomposition products can be separated. Thus the ‘fructose effect’ in higher plants is apparently quite different from catabolite repression, common in microorganisms. The toxicity of autoclaved fructose is not relieved by cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In crucifers the adverse effect of the fructose media had no connection with the chelating effect of this sugar. The acidification of the medium during autoclaving was of only minor importance. Though 5-hydroxymethyl-2- furaldehyde is primarily responsible for the deleterious effects of autoclaved fructose, a number of other decomposition products compound the toxicity. The selective effects of autoclaved fructose on plant metabolism are pointed out and the usefulness of plants for the detection of low levels of these toxic furans and derivatives is indicated.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Filter-sterilized fructose medium benefited growth of intact Cruciferae.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee0
- Treatment
- fructose media sterilized by filtratione0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- beneficiale0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Fructose decomposed faster during autoclaving than glucose or sucrose.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- fructose decomposese0
- Direction
- more rapidlye0
- Comparator
- glucose or sucrosee0
Verbatim
e0“Upon autoclaving fructose decomposes more rapidly than glucose or sucrose”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants suffered on autoclaved fructose media because toxic degradation products accumulated.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Treatment
- autoclaved mediae0
- Outcome
- The plants suffere0
- Qualifier
- toxicity of some of the degradation products accumulatede0
Verbatim
e0“The plants suffer on the autoclaved media not because of the reduction of the sugar level but because of the toxicity of some of the degradation products accumulated”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Early fructose breakdown products absorbing near 230 nm were apparently harmless.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- apparently harmlesse0
- Value
- 230 nme0
Verbatim
e0“The first products of the breakdown displaying an absorption maximum around 230 nm are apparently harmless”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged heating shifted the absorption maximum to around 285 nm.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Treatment
- prolonged heatinge0
- Outcome
- absorption maximume0
- Direction
- shiftse0
- Value
- 285 nme0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“On prolonged heating the absorption maximum shifts to around 285 nm signifying the appearance of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde and hydroxyacetyl furan”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde was toxic in the 10-4 M range.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Value
- 10-4 Me0
Verbatim
e0“Both of these compounds are toxic in the 10-4 M range, especially the first one”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydroxyacetyl furan was toxic in the 10-4 M range.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- toxice0
- Value
- 10-4 Me0
Verbatim
e0“Both of these compounds are toxic in the 10-4 M range, especially the first one”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Thin layer chromatography separated at least ten decomposition-product hydrazones.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- dinitrophenyl hydrazones of the decomposition productse0
- Value
- ten or moree0
Verbatim
e0“By thin layer chromatography ten or more dinitrophenyl hydrazones of the decomposition products can be separated”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate did not relieve toxicity of autoclaved fructose.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Treatment
- cyclic adenosine monophosphatee0
- Outcome
- toxicity of autoclaved fructosee0
- Direction
- not relievede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The toxicity of autoclaved fructose is not relieved by cyclic adenosine monophosphate”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
The adverse fructose-medium effect in crucifers was unrelated to sugar chelation.
Verbatim
e0“In crucifers the adverse effect of the fructose media had no connection with the chelating effect of this sugar”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium acidification during autoclaving contributed only a minor effect.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- acidification of the mediume0
- Qualifier
- only minor importancee0
Verbatim
e0“The acidification of the medium during autoclaving was of only minor importance”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
5-hydroxymethyl-2- furaldehyde was identified as the primary cause of autoclaved fructose toxicity.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Compound
- 5-hydroxymethyl-2- furaldehydee0
- Outcome
- deleterious effects of autoclaved fructosee0
Verbatim
e0“Though 5-hydroxymethyl-2- furaldehyde is primarily responsible for the deleterious effects of autoclaved fructose, a number of other decomposition products compound the toxicity”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”
Claim · model-written summary
Other decomposition products added to the toxicity of autoclaved fructose.
- Taxon
- CruciferaeBrassicaceaee1
- Outcome
- toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- a number of other decomposition productse0
Verbatim
e0“a number of other decomposition products compound the toxicity”
e1“fructose media sterilized by filtration are clearly beneficial for the growth of intact plants of Cruciferae”