Abstract
SummaryThe present study was undertaken over two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions in the mid-hill region of Himachal Pradesh (30°52'N, 77°11'E; 1,175 m asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols. The aim was to investigate the effects of irrigation and mulch material on the growth, flowering, fruiting behaviour, relative leaf water content (RLWC), yield, and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’). The drip irrigation treatments included irrigation with 100, 80, or 60% (coded 1.0, 0.8, and 0.6 V) of the total water requirement. Both mulches increased the minimum soil temperature to a depth of 5 cm. The drip and surface irrigation treatments raised the minimum soil temperature by 3.0º – 5.4ºC, and lowered the maximum temperature by 2.2º – 5.8ºC compared to the rainfed control. Hay mulch was more effective in raising the minimum temperature and lowering the maximum soil temperature than black polyethylene mulch. Moisture conservation increased by 2.8 – 12.8% under the black polyethylene mulch compared to the no-mulch treatment. Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulching, were found to be effective for enhancing the growth, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit yield, and quality of strawberry plants. However, the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control. The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha–1 m–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha–1 m–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]; whereas, the lowest values (0.39 and 0.68 MT ha–1 m–1, respectively) were observed using treatment M1I2 (i.e., without mulch, plus surface irrigation). Fruit size, weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin content increased significantly under treatment M2I3 [i.e., hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] compared with all other treatments. Total soluble solids (TSS) contents and total acidity (TA) were highest under treatment M1I1 (i.e., no mulch, plus rainfed). A linear regression model could describe the variations in quality parameters of strawberry plants grown under sub-temperate climatic conditions. Root density was found to be the best indicator with which estimate fruit quality.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Both mulches increased minimum soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- Both mulchese1
- Outcome
- minimum soil temperaturee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- to a depth of 5 cme1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“Both mulches increased the minimum soil temperature to a depth of 5 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip and surface irrigation raised minimum soil temperature by 3.0 to 5.4 C relative to rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- The drip and surface irrigation treatmentse2
- Outcome
- minimum soil temperaturee2
- Direction
- raisede2
- Value
- 3.0º – 5.4ºCe2
- Comparator
- rainfed controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e2“The drip and surface irrigation treatments raised the minimum soil temperature by 3.0º – 5.4ºC, and lowered the maximum temperature by 2.2º – 5.8ºC compared to the rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip and surface irrigation lowered maximum soil temperature by 2.2 to 5.8 C relative to rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- The drip and surface irrigation treatmentse2
- Outcome
- maximum temperaturee2
- Direction
- lowerede2
- Value
- 2.2º – 5.8ºCe2
- Comparator
- rainfed controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e2“The drip and surface irrigation treatments raised the minimum soil temperature by 3.0º – 5.4ºC, and lowered the maximum temperature by 2.2º – 5.8ºC compared to the rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Hay mulch was more effective than black polyethylene mulch in raising minimum temperature and lowering maximum soil temperature.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Hay mulche3
- Outcome
- minimum temperaturee3
- Direction
- more effectivee3
- Qualifier
- lowering the maximum soil temperaturee3
- Comparator
- black polyethylene mulche3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e3“Hay mulch was more effective in raising the minimum temperature and lowering the maximum soil temperature than black polyethylene mulch”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch increased moisture conservation by 2.8 to 12.8% relative to no mulch.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulche4
- Outcome
- Moisture conservatione4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 2.8 – 12.8%e4
- Comparator
- no-mulch treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e4“Moisture conservation increased by 2.8 – 12.8% under the black polyethylene mulch compared to the no-mulch treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip and surface irrigation and mulching were effective in enhancing growth, IWUE and fruit yield of strawberry.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae5
- Treatment
- Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulchinge5
- Outcome
- growth, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit yielde5
- Direction
- enhancinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulching, were found to be effective for enhancing the growth, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit yield, and quality of strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip and surface irrigation and mulching were effective in enhancing strawberry fruit quality.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae5
- Treatment
- Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulchinge5
- Outcome
- qualitye5
- Direction
- enhancinge5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Drip and surface irrigation methods, as well as mulching, were found to be effective for enhancing the growth, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit yield, and quality of strawberry plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) gave the highest number of crowns per plant, 565.5% above the no-mulch rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e6
- Outcome
- the number of crowns per plante6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 565.5%e6
- Comparator
- no mulch plus rainfed controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e6“the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) gave the highest percentage berry set, 94.5% above the no-mulch rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e6
- Outcome
- the percentage berry sete6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 94.5%e6
- Comparator
- no mulch plus rainfed controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e6“the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) gave the highest RLWC, 32.8% above the no-mulch rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e6
- Outcome
- the RLWCe6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 32.8%e6
- Comparator
- no mulch plus rainfed controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e6“the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) gave the highest root length density, 394.5% above the no-mulch rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e6
- Outcome
- root length density (RLD)e6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 394.5%e6
- Comparator
- no mulch plus rainfed controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e6“the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) gave the highest fruit yield, 549.6% above the no-mulch rainfed control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e6
- Outcome
- fruit yielde6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 549.6%e6
- Comparator
- no mulch plus rainfed controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e6“the number of crowns per plant, the percentage berry set, the RLWC, root length density (RLD), and fruit yield were highest under treatment M3I3 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] by 565.5%, 94.5%, 32.8%, 394.5%, and 549.6%,respectively, compared to the no mulch plus rainfed control”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V) gave the maximum IWUE for plant biomass, 1.39 metric tonnes per hectare per millimetre.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)e1
- Outcome
- IWUE valuese1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha–1 m–1e1
- Qualifier
- plant biomasse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha–1 m–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha–1 m–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V) gave the maximum IWUE for fruit yield, 2.79 MT per hectare per millimetre.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)e1
- Outcome
- IWUE valuese1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 2.79 MT ha–1 m–1e1
- Qualifier
- fruit yielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha–1 m–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha–1 m–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface irrigation without mulch gave the lowest IWUE for plant biomass, 0.39.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- without mulch, plus surface irrigatione2
- Outcome
- IWUE valuese1
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 0.39e2
- Qualifier
- plant biomasse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha–1 m–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha–1 m–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]”
e2“whereas, the lowest values (0.39 and 0.68 MT ha–1 m–1, respectively) were observed using treatment M1I2 (i.e., without mulch, plus surface irrigation)”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface irrigation without mulch gave the lowest IWUE for fruit yield, 0.68.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- without mulch, plus surface irrigatione2
- Outcome
- IWUE valuese1
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 0.68e2
- Qualifier
- fruit yielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“The maximum IWUE values for plant biomass [1.39 metric tonnes (MT) ha–1 m–1] and fruit yield (2.79 MT ha–1 m–1) were recorded under treatment M3I5 [i.e., black polyethylene mulch plus drip irrigation (0.6 V)]”
e2“whereas, the lowest values (0.39 and 0.68 MT ha–1 m–1, respectively) were observed using treatment M1I2 (i.e., without mulch, plus surface irrigation)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit size, fruit weight and sugar content increased significantly under hay mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) compared with all other treatments.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e1
- Outcome
- Fruit size, weight, sugar contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“Fruit size, weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin content increased significantly under treatment M2I3 [i.e., hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] compared with all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin content increased significantly under hay mulch plus drip irrigation (1.0 V) compared with all other treatments.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)e1
- Outcome
- anthocyanin contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“Fruit size, weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin content increased significantly under treatment M2I3 [i.e., hay mulch, plus drip irrigation (1.0 V)] compared with all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids and total acidity were highest under no mulch plus rainfed.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- no mulch, plus rainfede1
- Outcome
- Total soluble solids (TSS) contents and total acidity (TA)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“Total soluble solids (TSS) contents and total acidity (TA) were highest under treatment M1I1 (i.e., no mulch, plus rainfed)”
Claim · model-written summary
A linear regression model describes quality parameter variation, and root density is the best indicator for estimating fruit quality.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- quality parameterse1
- Qualifier
- Root density was found to be the best indicatore2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa L. ‘Chandler’)”
e1“A linear regression model could describe the variations in quality parameters of strawberry plants grown under sub-temperate climatic conditions”
e2“Root density was found to be the best indicator with which estimate fruit quality”
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See all 14 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.