Abstract
In recent years, the bark splitting injury has occurred frequently both on cuttings in nursery and on young plants in tea gardens at southern districts of Kyushu.In order to clarify the characteristics of the bark splitting injury, the various field conditions and the climatic factors easy to cause it were investigated.1. The bark splitting injury occurred on the basal part of stem of both cuttings and young plants up to two-year-old was chiefly observed at the first frost near the ceasing time of the autumn growth.The occurring mechanism of this injury is expressed as that the bark of stem near the ground surface splits open lengthwise owing to ice formed between sapwood and bark under the continuous freezing by the effective low temperature (about-3 to-5°C). The bark split recovers with growth of the callus in case of the slight damage but if it is severe, the plant weakens gradually and will finally die.2. From the observations of recovering process after the injury, the symptoms of the occurrence of the injury were classified in three different types : a) the bark of stem near the ground surface splits lengthwise, b) the bark separetes from sapwood without the bark split and c) the cambial tissue becomes brownish without the bark split.In the case of b) and c), the injury remains as a frost-ring on the stem.3. Both the cold injury during midwinter and the bark splitting injury in late autumn or early winter cause the young plants to be seriously damaged. The reasons for the above are as follows : 1) the root systems of young plant are poor, 2) the stems of young plant are scarcely protected from low temperature by their own leaf layer and 3) the acquiring time of the herdiness of young plants is late because they grow actively till late autumn.4. The minimum air temperature at about five centimeter above the straw mulch on fine days in Chiran, where the injury occurred frequently and severely, was 6 °C lower than that of Makurazaki, where no injury occurred, while the mean and maximum air temperature of both sites were almost same.So the primary climatic factor responsible for the occurrence of the bark splitting injury in Chiran is assured to be sudden down of the minimum air temperature at the first frost in autumn.5. The minimum air temperature in the field mulched with the straw was lower than that of non-mulched field, and the mulching kept the soil temperature high in night. These effects were remarkably great on fine day. Therefore, it was considered that the straw mulch promoted the bark splitting injury because of the high soil moisture, the high soil temperature and the low air temperature near the mulch surface at the frosty night.And then, it was also pointed out that the average of the minimum temperature for ten days before the first autumn frost was higher in the injury years and places than in the normal ones.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Bark splitting injury occurred chiefly on the basal stem at the first frost near the end of autumn growth.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e1“The bark splitting injury occurred on the basal part of stem of both cuttings and young plants up to two-year-old was chiefly observed at the first frost near the ceasing time of the autumn growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Frost injury symptoms were classified into three types.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e2“the symptoms of the occurrence of the injury were classified in three different types”
Claim · model-written summary
Bark splitting injury is attributed to ice forming between sapwood and bark under continuous freezing.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e3“The occurring mechanism of this injury is expressed as that the bark of stem near the ground surface splits open lengthwise owing to ice formed between sapwood and bark under the continuous freezing by the effective low temperature (about-3 to-5°C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum air temperature at Chiran was 6 °C lower than at Makurazaki.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e4“The minimum air temperature at about five centimeter above the straw mulch on fine days in Chiran, where the injury occurred frequently and severely, was 6 °C lower than that of Makurazaki, where no injury occurred”
Claim · model-written summary
Sudden fall of minimum air temperature at the first autumn frost is the primary climatic factor for bark splitting injury at Chiran.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e5“So the primary climatic factor responsible for the occurrence of the bark splitting injury in Chiran is assured to be sudden down of the minimum air temperature at the first frost in autumn”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch lowered the minimum air temperature relative to non-mulched field.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e6“The minimum air temperature in the field mulched with the straw was lower than that of non-mulched field”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching kept soil temperature higher at night.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e7“the mulching kept the soil temperature high in night”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch is considered to promote bark splitting injury through soil moisture, soil temperature and air temperature near the mulch.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e1“Therefore, it was considered that the straw mulch promoted the bark splitting injury because of the high soil moisture, the high soil temperature and the low air temperature near the mulch surface at the frosty night”
Claim · model-written summary
The minimum temperature for ten days before the first autumn frost was higher in injury years and places than in normal ones.
Verbatim
t0“Characteristics of the Bark Splitting Injury of Young Tea Plant and Weather Condtion Influencing this Frost Injury”
e2“the average of the minimum temperature for ten days before the first autumn frost was higher in the injury years and places than in the normal ones”
The same questions in other papers
mulching · soil: physics · Camellia sinensis (black tea)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.