Abstract
We studied the effects of a 2-day exposure to aluminum (Al), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) stress on root exudates and root apices of aseptically grown poplar (Populus tremula L.) cuttings. Aluminum induced root exudation of oxalate and citrate, Cu induced root exudation of oxalate, malate and formate, and Zn induced root exudation of formate. The threshold treatment concentrations were 100 microM for Cu and 500 microM for Al and Zn, corresponding to about 30 microM Cu2+, 140 microM Al3+ and 290 microM Zn2+. Simultaneous with the increase in organic acid anion exudation, sulfate and the nutrient cations K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were released into the solutions. Significant positive correlations between the organic acid anions and the cations indicate possible co-release. Toxicity symptoms of the poplar roots included browning of the root apices, which occurred at Cu concentrations of 50 microM and above, at Zn concentrations of 500 microM and above, and at an Al concentration of 1000 microM, and callose formation, which was observed solely in response to Al concentrations of 500 microM or higher. The results indicate that the composition of the exuded organic acid anions from poplar roots and the toxicity symptoms are specific to each of the applied heavy metals.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum induced poplar root exudation of oxalate and citrate.
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- Aluminume1
- Outcome
- root exudation of oxalate and citratee1
- Direction
- inducede1
PopulusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aseptically grown poplar (Populus tremula L.) cuttings”
e1“Aluminum induced root exudation of oxalate and citrate, Cu induced root exudation of oxalate, malate and formate, and Zn induced root exudation of formate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu induced poplar root exudation of oxalate, malate and formate.
- Organ / stage
- roote1
- Treatment
- Cue1
- Outcome
- root exudation of oxalate, malate and formatee1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aseptically grown poplar (Populus tremula L.) cuttings”
e1“Aluminum induced root exudation of oxalate and citrate, Cu induced root exudation of oxalate, malate and formate, and Zn induced root exudation of formate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn induced poplar root exudation of formate.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aseptically grown poplar (Populus tremula L.) cuttings”
e1“Aluminum induced root exudation of oxalate and citrate, Cu induced root exudation of oxalate, malate and formate, and Zn induced root exudation of formate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold concentration for Cu response was 100 microM.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“The threshold treatment concentrations were 100 microM for Cu and 500 microM for Al and Zn, corresponding to about 30 microM Cu2+, 140 microM Al3+ and 290 microM Zn2+.”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold concentration for Al response was 500 microM.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“The threshold treatment concentrations were 100 microM for Cu and 500 microM for Al and Zn, corresponding to about 30 microM Cu2+, 140 microM Al3+ and 290 microM Zn2+.”
Claim · model-written summary
Threshold concentration for Zn response was 500 microM.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“The threshold treatment concentrations were 100 microM for Cu and 500 microM for Al and Zn, corresponding to about 30 microM Cu2+, 140 microM Al3+ and 290 microM Zn2+.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate and nutrient cations were released while organic acid anion exudation increased.
- Compound
- organic acid anione1
- Outcome
- sulfate and the nutrient cations K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were releasede1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“Simultaneous with the increase in organic acid anion exudation, sulfate and the nutrient cations K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were released into the solutions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic acid anions and cations had significant positive correlations suggesting possible co-release.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“Significant positive correlations between the organic acid anions and the cations indicate possible co-release.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-apex browning occurred at Cu concentrations of 50 microM and above.
- Organ / stage
- root apicese1
- Treatment
- Cue1
- Outcome
- browning of the root apicese1
- Value
- 50 microM and abovee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“browning of the root apices, which occurred at Cu concentrations of 50 microM and above, at Zn concentrations of 500 microM and above, and at an Al concentration of 1000 microM”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-apex browning occurred at Zn concentrations of 500 microM and above.
- Organ / stage
- root apicese1
- Treatment
- Zne1
- Outcome
- browning of the root apicese1
- Value
- 500 microM and abovee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“browning of the root apices, which occurred at Cu concentrations of 50 microM and above, at Zn concentrations of 500 microM and above, and at an Al concentration of 1000 microM”
Claim · model-written summary
Root-apex browning occurred at Al concentrations of 1000 microM.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“browning of the root apices, which occurred at Cu concentrations of 50 microM and above, at Zn concentrations of 500 microM and above, and at an Al concentration of 1000 microM”
Claim · model-written summary
Callose formed only after Al exposure at 500 microM or higher.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“poplar (Populus tremula L.)”
e1“callose formation, which was observed solely in response to Al concentrations of 500 microM or higher.”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic-acid exudate composition and toxicity symptoms were specific to each heavy metal.
- Outcome
- composition of the exuded organic acid anions from poplar roots and the toxicity symptomse0
- Qualifier
- specific to each of the applied heavy metalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composition of the exuded organic acid anions from poplar roots and the toxicity symptoms are specific to each of the applied heavy metals.”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · disease · Populus (poplar)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
zinc atom · disease · Populus (poplar)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
aluminium atom · disease · Populus (poplar)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
copper atom · molecular: metabolites · Populus (poplar)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
zinc atom · molecular: metabolites · Populus (poplar)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.