Abstract
The composition, concentration, shelf life and inconsistent performance are the major concern in formulation of bioagents in general and Trichoderma spp. in particular. To overcome some of these problems, Suspension Concentrate (SC) formulation of a potential isolates of Trichoderma viz., T. harzianum Th4dSC and consortium of T. harzianum Th4d SC and another species T .asperellum Tv5 SC were developed using conidial biomass of these bioagents produced by a production process supporting a higher quantities of biomass and viable propagules with better shelf life and persistence on sprayed surfaces. In this study, twenty five selected strains of Trichoderma were screened in vivo against foliar diseases (Alternaria Leaf Blight (ALB) of sunflower and Botryotinia Gray Mold (BGM) of castor). Among these strains, T. harzianum Th4d and T. asperellum Tv5 were able to produce mycolytic, defense enzymes and able to control two diseases effectively. Further a study was conducted to standardize the dose of SC formulation of Trichoderma for foliar application and seed treatment. The highest antagonistic activity was achieved with concentration of 2x107 conidia/ml. The two selected strains were able to reduce severity of BGM and ALB under greenhouse conditions. In field trials (rainy season of the years 2009-10 and 2010-11), seed treatment, foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/l and consortium formulations (T. harzianum Th4dSC+ T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l) effectively reduced disease severity (ALB reduction up to 50-55% and BGM up to 55-65%). In addition, these applications enhanced yield of sunflower and castor compared to untreated control. Application of T. harzianum Th4dSC at 2 ml/l and consortia T. harzianum Th4dSC + T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l showed better persistence with log CFU (colony forming unit) 7.61 and 8.45 respectively on sprayed leaves of sunflower population levels of log CFU 10.73 and 10.71 on capsules of castor at 15 days after first spray. The liquid formulations of both the strains retained good shelf life with viable spore counts of log CFU of 8.0 to 7.4 at 540 days when stored at room temperature. Thus, the efforts resulted in identification and development of suspension concentrate formulation with long shelf life of two potential Trichoderma strains for the first time for foliar disease management.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application or seed treatment of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/l, or the consortium at 1 ml/l, reduced Alternaria leaf blight severity in sunflower by up to 50-55% in field trials.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/le4
- Interactor
- Alternaria
Alternariat0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. harzianum Th4d
Trichoderma harzianume4biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- ALB reduction up to 50-55%e4
- Setting
- field trialse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternaria Leaf Blight in Sunflower”
e4“In field trials (rainy season of the years 2009-10 and 2010-11), seed treatment, foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/l and consortium formulations (T. harzianum Th4dSC+ T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l) effectively reduced disease severity (ALB reduction up to 50-55% and BGM up to 55-65%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same Trichoderma treatments reduced gray mold severity in castor by up to 55-65% in field trials.
- Taxon
- Castor
Ricinus communist1 - Treatment
- foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/le4
- Interactor
- Botryotinia
Botryotiniae0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. harzianum Th4dTrichoderma harzianume4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease severitye4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- BGM up to 55-65%e4
- Setting
- field trialse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Gray Mold in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)”
e0“Botryotinia Gray Mold (BGM) of castor”
e4“In field trials (rainy season of the years 2009-10 and 2010-11), seed treatment, foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/l and consortium formulations (T. harzianum Th4dSC+ T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l) effectively reduced disease severity (ALB reduction up to 50-55% and BGM up to 55-65%)”
Claim · model-written summary
The two selected strains reduced severity of gray mold in castor under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- CastorRicinus communist1
- Treatment
- The two selected strainse2
- Interactor
- BotryotiniaBotryotiniae0pathogen
- Outcome
- severity of BGMe2
- Direction
- reducee2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Gray Mold in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)”
e0“Botryotinia Gray Mold (BGM) of castor”
e2“The two selected strains were able to reduce severity of BGM and ALB under greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The two selected strains reduced severity of leaf blight in sunflower under greenhouse conditions.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- The two selected strainse2
- Interactor
- AlternariaAlternariat0pathogen
- Outcome
- severitye2
- Direction
- reducee2
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternaria Leaf Blight in Sunflower”
e2“The two selected strains were able to reduce severity of BGM and ALB under greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The foliar Trichoderma applications enhanced sunflower yield compared with untreated control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse5
- Treatment
- foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/le4
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In field trials (rainy season of the years 2009-10 and 2010-11), seed treatment, foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/l and consortium formulations (T. harzianum Th4dSC+ T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l) effectively reduced disease severity (ALB reduction up to 50-55% and BGM up to 55-65%)”
e5“In addition, these applications enhanced yield of sunflower and castor compared to untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
The foliar Trichoderma applications enhanced castor yield compared with untreated control.
- Taxon
- castorRicinus communise5
- Treatment
- foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/le4
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Comparator
- untreated controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In field trials (rainy season of the years 2009-10 and 2010-11), seed treatment, foliar application of T. harzianum Th4d SC at 2 ml/l and consortium formulations (T. harzianum Th4dSC+ T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l) effectively reduced disease severity (ALB reduction up to 50-55% and BGM up to 55-65%)”
e5“In addition, these applications enhanced yield of sunflower and castor compared to untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of T. harzianum Th4dSC at 2 ml/l showed better persistence on sunflower leaves, with log CFU 7.61 and 8.45.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse6
- Organ / stage
- sprayed leavese6
- Treatment
- Application of T. harzianum Th4dSC at 2 ml/le6
- Interactor
- T. harzianum Th4dSCTrichoderma harzianume6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- persistencee6
- Direction
- better persistencee6
- Value
- 7.61 and 8.45e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Application of T. harzianum Th4dSC at 2 ml/l and consortia T. harzianum Th4dSC + T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l showed better persistence with log CFU (colony forming unit) 7.61 and 8.45 respectively on sprayed leaves of sunflower population levels of log CFU 10.73 and 10.71 on capsules of castor at 15 days after first spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Population levels of log CFU 10.73 and 10.71 were recorded on castor capsules at 15 days after the first spray.
- Taxon
- castorRicinus communise6
- Organ / stage
- capsulese6
- Outcome
- population levelse6
- Value
- 10.73 and 10.71e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Application of T. harzianum Th4dSC at 2 ml/l and consortia T. harzianum Th4dSC + T. asperellum Tv5SC at 1 ml/l showed better persistence with log CFU (colony forming unit) 7.61 and 8.45 respectively on sprayed leaves of sunflower population levels of log CFU 10.73 and 10.71 on capsules of castor at 15 days after first spray”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid formulations of both strains retained viable spore counts of log CFU 8.0 to 7.4 after 540 days at room temperature.
- Outcome
- viable spore countse7
- Value
- log CFU of 8.0 to 7.4e7
- Qualifier
- at 540 dayse7
- Setting
- room temperaturee7
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e7“The liquid formulations of both the strains retained good shelf life with viable spore counts of log CFU of 8.0 to 7.4 at 540 days when stored at room temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum Th4d and T. asperellum Tv5 produced mycolytic and defense enzymes and controlled two foliar diseases effectively.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum Th4dTrichoderma harzianume1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- T. asperellum Tv5
Trichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycolytic, defense enzymese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Alternaria Leaf Blight in Sunflower”
e1“Among these strains, T. harzianum Th4d and T. asperellum Tv5 were able to produce mycolytic, defense enzymes and able to control two diseases effectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest antagonistic activity against the diseases was achieved at 2x107 conidia/ml.
- Taxon
- CastorRicinus communist1
- Treatment
- concentration of 2x107 conidia/mle3
- Outcome
- antagonistic activitye3
- Direction
- higheste3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Gray Mold in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)”
e3“The highest antagonistic activity was achieved with concentration of 2x107 conidia/ml”
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · yield · Ricinus communis (castor bean)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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See all 17 papers →application · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
151 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
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See all 158 papers →application · Alternaria · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
8 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.