Abstract
Castor bean is considered as an important non-edible oilseed crop and source of castor oil, which has many applications ranging from cosmetics to the biofuels industry. Humic acid (HA) results from organic matter decomposition and is beneficial to plant growth and development. In the present study, a two-year experiment was conducted in Damghan, Iran, to study the physiological responses of castor bean to foliar application of zinc nano-chelate (Zn-nano) and HA under drought stress. The drought stress was used as the main treatment in three levels: normal irrigation as control, irrigation up to 75 BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) (mild stress), and irrigation up to 65 BBCH (severe stress). Foliar application of HA in three levels (non-application, application of the recommended rate and two times more than the recommended rate), as well as Zn-nano fertilizer in two levels (application at 1.5 part per thousand (ppt) and non-application) as subplots. The drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizer could significantly affect the number of capsules, the number of seeds, 100-seed weight, seed yield, oil yield, protein percentage and yield, activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD), and chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (total Chl) contents. In addition, severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield. Based on the results, the highest yield components, oil and protein contents, and photosynthetic pigments were achieved in the foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers under normal irrigation during the second year. Further, the foliar application of Zn-nano fertilizer led to a decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD, and POD enzymes. According to partial regression analysis, the recommended rate of HA application the changed the nature of relationships governing the characteristics, especially under drought stress conditions. Finally, the foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers could create an excellent resistance to drought stress in castor under dry and semi-arid climate conditions by improving yield and yield components and physiological traits.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress, humic acid and Zn-nano fertilizer significantly affected the number of capsules, number of seeds and 100-seed weight of castor bean.
- Taxon
- Castor bean
Ricinus communist0 - Treatment
- drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizere0
- Outcome
- number of capsules, the number of seeds, 100-seed weighte1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“The drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizer could significantly affect”
e1“number of capsules, the number of seeds, 100-seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress, humic acid and Zn-nano fertilizer significantly affected seed yield and oil yield of castor bean.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizere0
- Outcome
- seed yield, oil yielde1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“The drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizer could significantly affect”
e1“seed yield, oil yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress, humic acid and Zn-nano fertilizer significantly affected protein percentage and protein yield of castor bean.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizere0
- Outcome
- protein percentage and yielde1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“The drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizer could significantly affect”
e1“protein percentage and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress, humic acid and Zn-nano fertilizer significantly affected the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in castor bean.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizere0
- Outcome
- activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD)e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“The drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizer could significantly affect”
e1“activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD)”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought stress, humic acid and Zn-nano fertilizer significantly affected chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents of castor bean.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizere0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (total Chl) contentse1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“The drought stress, HA, and Zn-nano fertilizer could significantly affect”
e1“chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), and total chlorophyll (total Chl) contents”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought stress reduced the number of capsules of castor bean by 33.9% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- number of capsulese0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 33.9%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield”
e1“normal irrigation as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought stress reduced the number of seeds of castor bean by 32.7% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- number of seedse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 32.7%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield”
e1“normal irrigation as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought stress reduced 100-grain weight of castor bean by 16.0% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- 100-grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 16.0%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield”
e1“normal irrigation as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought stress reduced seed yield of castor bean by 43.0% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- seede0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 43.0%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield”
e1“normal irrigation as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought stress reduced oil yield of castor bean by 59.3% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- oile0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 59.3%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield”
e1“normal irrigation as control”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought stress reduced protein yield of castor bean by 29.9% relative to normal irrigation.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- severe drought stresse0
- Outcome
- proteine0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 29.9%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“severe drought stress resulted in reducing the number of capsules (33.9%), the number of seeds (32.7%), 100-grain weight (16.0%), as well as seed (43.0%), oil (59.3%), and protein (29.9%) yield”
e1“normal irrigation as control”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest yield components of castor bean were achieved with foliar application of humic acid (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizer under normal irrigation in the second year.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers under normal irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yield componentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“the highest yield components, oil and protein contents, and photosynthetic pigments were achieved in the foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers under normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest oil content, protein content and photosynthetic pigments of castor bean were achieved with foliar application of humic acid (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizer under normal irrigation in the second year.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers under normal irrigatione0
- Outcome
- oil and protein contents, and photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“the highest yield components, oil and protein contents, and photosynthetic pigments were achieved in the foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers under normal irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of Zn-nano fertilizer decreased the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in castor bean.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- foliar application of Zn-nano fertilizere0
- Outcome
- activities of CAT, SOD, and POD enzymese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“the foliar application of Zn-nano fertilizer led to a decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD, and POD enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
According to partial regression analysis, the recommended rate of humic acid changed the nature of the relationships governing the measured characteristics of castor bean, especially under drought stress.
- Taxon
- Castor beanRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- recommended rate of HA applicatione0
- Outcome
- relationships governing the characteristicse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Castor bean”
e0“the recommended rate of HA application the changed the nature of relationships governing the characteristics, especially under drought stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that foliar application of humic acid (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizer could create excellent drought resistance in castor under dry and semi-arid conditions by improving yield, yield components and physiological traits.
- Taxon
- castorRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- resistance to drought stresse0
- Setting
- dry and semi-arid climate conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the foliar application of HA (recommended rate) and Zn-nano fertilizers could create an excellent resistance to drought stress in castor under dry and semi-arid climate conditions”
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