Abstract
The soil in which certain aquatic and terrestial angiosperms were growing was slowly aerated daily for a period of one-half to 5 hours by means of compressed air supplied through perforated coils imbedded 8 inches below the surface. Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam. At the age of 2 months conspicuous differences were apparent in aerated and unaerated plants on the same soil as well as between plants similarly treated but in different soils. As might be anticipated aeration did not produce the same effects in plants grown in loam and in sandy soil. Structural differences occurred in both tops and root systems, but especially the latter. In general, roots in the aerated soils were distinctly fibrous in character, more numerous and longer, forming branches of secondary and tertiary rank. Total surface in aerated roots was twice or more that of control roots, but the root hair zone was smaller. Fewer hairs developed and these in turn were not as long-lived in aerated plants as in the controls due to the more rapid elongation of the aerated roots. Vascular elements a few inches above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots. The striking effect of aeration on tops was acceleration of growth in early stages, attributable to increased length of basal internodes rather than to an increase in the number. Contrast in internodal distance diminished noticeably, however, above the median nodes and there was little or no difference in size of internodes near the tips. Elongation continued in controls after aerated plants had started to flower. This response tended to reduce size differences when mature plants of both groups were compared.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Soil aeration effects differed between loam and sandy soil.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina
Glycine soja
Linum usitatissimum
Helianthus annuus
Triticum aestivum
Vitis vulpinae0 - Outcome
- same effectse1
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“As might be anticipated aeration did not produce the same effects in plants grown in loam and in sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration produced structural differences in tops and especially root systems.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Organ / stage
- tops and root systemse1
- Outcome
- Structural differencese1
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Structural differences occurred in both tops and root systems, but especially the latter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots in aerated soils were more fibrous, numerous, longer and more branched.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse1
- Treatment
- aeratede1
- Outcome
- rootse1
- Direction
- more numerouse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“In general, roots in the aerated soils were distinctly fibrous in character, more numerous and longer, forming branches of secondary and tertiary rank.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated roots had at least twice the surface area of controls.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Treatment
- aeratede1
- Outcome
- Total surfacee1
- Direction
- twice or moree1
- Value
- twice or moree1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Total surface in aerated roots was twice or more that of control roots, but the root hair zone was smaller.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated roots had a smaller root hair zone than controls.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Treatment
- aeratede1
- Outcome
- root hair zonee1
- Direction
- smallere1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Total surface in aerated roots was twice or more that of control roots, but the root hair zone was smaller.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated roots developed fewer, shorter lived hairs than controls.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Treatment
- aeratede1
- Outcome
- hairse1
- Direction
- Fewere1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Fewer hairs developed and these in turn were not as long-lived in aerated plants as in the controls due to the more rapid elongation of the aerated roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vascular elements above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Treatment
- aeratede1
- Outcome
- Vascular elementse1
- Direction
- less developede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Vascular elements a few inches above the root hair zone were less developed in aerated roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration accelerated early shoot growth.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- acceleratione1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“The striking effect of aeration on tops was acceleration of growth in early stages, attributable to increased length of basal internodes rather than to an increase in the number.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration increased basal internode length but not number.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Outcome
- length of basal internodese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“The striking effect of aeration on tops was acceleration of growth in early stages, attributable to increased length of basal internodes rather than to an increase in the number.”
Claim · model-written summary
Internode size near the tips showed little or no difference.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Outcome
- size of internodese1
- Direction
- little or no differencee1
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Contrast in internodal distance diminished noticeably, however, above the median nodes and there was little or no difference in size of internodes near the tips.”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plants continued elongation after aerated plants began flowering.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Treatment
- aeratede1
- Outcome
- Elongation continuede1
- Direction
- continuede1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“Elongation continued in controls after aerated plants had started to flower.”
Claim · model-written summary
Later control elongation tended to reduce mature plant size differences.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpinaGlycine sojaLinum usitatissimumHelianthus annuusTriticum aestivumVitis vulpinae0
- Outcome
- size differencese1
- Direction
- reducee1
- Qualifier
- mature plantse1
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Helianthus annuus, Triticum vulgare, Glycine soja, Linum usitatissimum and cuttings of Vitis vulpina were grown in sand and in loam.”
e1“This response tended to reduce size differences when mature plants of both groups were compared.”