Abstract
The economic viability of most northeastern apple orchards depends upon the production of a high proportion of large, well-colored fruit of high quality. Adjustment of fruit load, or thinning, is an integral part of achieving this production goal. Although the effects of feeding damage caused by leafhoppers is controversial, many orchardists believe that this damage, particularly early in the season, is detrimental to production, and they apply insecticide treatments to maintain infestations below a threshold level. Carbaryl has been long recognized as a fruit-thinning agent, as well as a broad-spectrum insecticide. Field experiments were conducted during 1995 and 1996 to examine the horticultural benefits of carbaryl when used in combination with the plant growth regulators naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzyl adenine, and to assess the efficacy of carbaryl against an indigenous leafhopper complex when applied during a typical thinning window. In a majority of cases, the addition of carbaryl to naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adenine significantly enhanced fruit thinning and increased fruit size. Two thinning rates of carbaryl with or without naphthaleneacetic acid significantly reduced early-season infestations of leafhopper nymphs. The highest rate suppressed nymphs and adults for the entire season and allowed lower leaf damage ratings. Results show that carbaryl in combination with other chemical thinners is beneficial in the management of crop load, and at the same time effects suppression of the leafhopper complex. In orchards that do not rely upon natural control of phytophagous mites, this unique horticultural chemical fits well into integrated crop management programs on apple.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Adding carbaryl to naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adenine significantly enhanced apple fruit thinning in most cases.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- addition of carbaryle3
- Outcome
- fruit thinninge3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adeninee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e3“In a majority of cases, the addition of carbaryl to naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adenine significantly enhanced fruit thinning and increased fruit size”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding carbaryl to naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adenine increased apple fruit size in most cases.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- addition of carbaryle3
- Outcome
- fruit sizee3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adeninee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e3“In a majority of cases, the addition of carbaryl to naphthaleneacetic acid or 6-benzyl adenine significantly enhanced fruit thinning and increased fruit size”
Claim · model-written summary
Two thinning rates of carbaryl significantly reduced early-season leafhopper nymph infestations in apple.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Two thinning rates of carbaryle4
- Interactor
- leafhoppere4pest
- Outcome
- early-season infestations of leafhopper nymphse4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e4“Two thinning rates of carbaryl with or without naphthaleneacetic acid significantly reduced early-season infestations of leafhopper nymphs”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest carbaryl rate suppressed leafhopper nymphs and adults in apple for the entire season.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- highest ratee5
- Interactor
- leafhoppere4pest
- Outcome
- nymphs and adultse5
- Direction
- suppressede5
- Qualifier
- for the entire seasone5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e4“Two thinning rates of carbaryl with or without naphthaleneacetic acid significantly reduced early-season infestations of leafhopper nymphs”
e5“The highest rate suppressed nymphs and adults for the entire season and allowed lower leaf damage ratings”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest carbaryl rate allowed lower leaf damage ratings in apple.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- highest ratee5
- Outcome
- leaf damage ratingse5
- Direction
- lowere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e5“The highest rate suppressed nymphs and adults for the entire season and allowed lower leaf damage ratings”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl combined with other chemical thinners is beneficial for managing crop load in apple.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- carbaryl in combination with other chemical thinnerse6
- Interactor
- leafhopper complexe6pest
- Outcome
- beneficial in the management of crop loade6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e6“Results show that carbaryl in combination with other chemical thinners is beneficial in the management of crop load, and at the same time effects suppression of the leafhopper complex”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl fits well into integrated crop management programmes on apple in orchards that do not rely on natural control of phytophagous mites.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae7
- Treatment
- this unique horticultural chemicale7
- Interactor
- phytophagous mitese7pest
- Outcome
- fits well into integrated crop management programse7
- Qualifier
- In orchards that do not rely upon natural control of phytophagous mitese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e7“In orchards that do not rely upon natural control of phytophagous mites, this unique horticultural chemical fits well into integrated crop management programs on apple”
The same questions in other papers
carbaryl · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
38 papers more in this group
See all 42 papers →carbaryl · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →pruning · pest · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.