Abstract
Toxicities were determined for four naturally occurring monoterpenoid essential oils on late instar larvae of Agriotes obscurus in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Both contact and fumigant toxicities were determined for thymol, citronellal, eugenol and rosemary oil. Thymol had the greatest contact toxicity (LD₅₀=196.0 μg/larva) while citronellal and eugenol were significantly less toxic (LD₅=404.9 μg/larva and 516.5 μg/larva, respectively). Rosemary oil did not show any significant contact toxicity, at the highest dose tested, 1600 μg/larva. In fumigant bioassays, citronellal was the most toxic to wireworm larvae (LD₅=6.3 μg/cm ) followed by rosemary oil (LD₅=15.7 μg/cm ), thymol (LD₅=16.9 μg/cm³), and eugenol (LD₅=20.8 μg/cm³). Phytotoxicities were also evaluated based on corn seed germination and seedling development. In laboratory bioassays, thymol and citronellal significantly inhibited seed germination and development while rosemary oil had only minimal phytotoxic effects. Based on these laboratory results, four treatments were selected for repellency trials under greenhouse conditions. Citronellal (800 pg/seed), thymol (400 μg/seed), rosemary oil (1600 μg/seed) and eugenol (1600 pg/seed) were evaluated for their ability to protect corn seeds from Agriotes obscurus feeding damage. In the bioassay, wireworm health, seed germination, seed damage, and seedling height were evaluated. Rosemary oil treated seeds produced the highest number of distressed wireworms (56%, Odds Ratio = 2.64) compared to all other treatments while not creating any phytotoxic effects. Seeds treated with thymol were the least damaged (90.7% undamaged, Odds Ratio = 0.153) compared to the control while thymol and citronellal retarded seedling height compared to the control. Eugenol produced the lowest seed germination (25.3% germination) while citronellal, rosemary oil and thymol had no negative impact on seed germination.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol had the greatest contact toxicity to Agriotes obscurus larvae among the tested oils (LD50 196.0 μg/larva).
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse2 - Treatment
- Thymole1
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurus
Agriotes obscuruse0pest - Outcome
- contact toxicitye1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Value
- 196.0 μg/larvae1
- Comparator
- citronellal and eugenole3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e1“Thymol had the greatest contact toxicity (LD₅₀=196.0 μg/larva)”
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“citronellal and eugenol were significantly less toxic”
Claim · model-written summary
Citronellal was significantly less toxic than thymol on contact to Agriotes obscurus larvae (LD50 404.9 μg/larva).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- citronellale3
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- contact toxicitye1
- Direction
- less toxice3
- Value
- 404.9 μg/larvae4
- Comparator
- Thymole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e1“Thymol had the greatest contact toxicity (LD₅₀=196.0 μg/larva)”
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“citronellal and eugenol were significantly less toxic”
e4“LD₅=404.9 μg/larva and 516.5 μg/larva”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol was significantly less toxic than thymol on contact to Agriotes obscurus larvae (LD50 516.5 μg/larva).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- eugenole3
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- contact toxicitye1
- Direction
- less toxice3
- Value
- 516.5 μg/larvae4
- Comparator
- Thymole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e1“Thymol had the greatest contact toxicity (LD₅₀=196.0 μg/larva)”
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“citronellal and eugenol were significantly less toxic”
e4“LD₅=404.9 μg/larva and 516.5 μg/larva”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil showed no significant contact toxicity to Agriotes obscurus larvae at 1600 μg/larva, the highest dose tested.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- Rosemary oile5
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- significant contact toxicitye5
- Value
- 1600 μg/larvae5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e5“Rosemary oil did not show any significant contact toxicity, at the highest dose tested, 1600 μg/larva”
Claim · model-written summary
Citronellal was the most toxic oil to wireworm larvae in fumigant bioassays (LD50 6.3 μg/cm).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- citronellale6
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- toxic to wireworm larvaee6
- Direction
- most toxice6
- Value
- 6.3 μg/cme6
- Comparator
- rosemary oile7
- Setting
- fumigant bioassayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e6“In fumigant bioassays, citronellal was the most toxic to wireworm larvae (LD₅=6.3 μg/cm )”
e7“followed by rosemary oil (LD₅=15.7 μg/cm ), thymol (LD₅=16.9 μg/cm³), and eugenol (LD₅=20.8 μg/cm³)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil was the second most toxic oil to wireworm larvae in fumigant bioassays (LD50 15.7 μg/cm), following citronellal.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- rosemary oile7
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- toxic to wireworm larvaee6
- Direction
- followed bye7
- Value
- 15.7 μg/cme7
- Comparator
- citronellale6
- Setting
- fumigant bioassayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e6“In fumigant bioassays, citronellal was the most toxic to wireworm larvae (LD₅=6.3 μg/cm )”
e7“followed by rosemary oil (LD₅=15.7 μg/cm ), thymol (LD₅=16.9 μg/cm³), and eugenol (LD₅=20.8 μg/cm³)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol was less toxic than citronellal to wireworm larvae in fumigant bioassays (LD50 16.9 μg/cm³).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- thymole7
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- toxic to wireworm larvaee6
- Direction
- followed bye7
- Value
- 16.9 μg/cm³e7
- Comparator
- citronellale6
- Setting
- fumigant bioassayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e6“In fumigant bioassays, citronellal was the most toxic to wireworm larvae (LD₅=6.3 μg/cm )”
e7“followed by rosemary oil (LD₅=15.7 μg/cm ), thymol (LD₅=16.9 μg/cm³), and eugenol (LD₅=20.8 μg/cm³)”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol was the least toxic oil to wireworm larvae in fumigant bioassays (LD50 20.8 μg/cm³).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- eugenole7
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- toxic to wireworm larvaee6
- Direction
- followed bye7
- Value
- 20.8 μg/cm³e7
- Comparator
- citronellale6
- Setting
- fumigant bioassayse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e6“In fumigant bioassays, citronellal was the most toxic to wireworm larvae (LD₅=6.3 μg/cm )”
e7“followed by rosemary oil (LD₅=15.7 μg/cm ), thymol (LD₅=16.9 μg/cm³), and eugenol (LD₅=20.8 μg/cm³)”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol significantly inhibited seed germination and development of corn in laboratory bioassays.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- thymole4
- Outcome
- seed germination and developmente4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
- Setting
- laboratory bioassayse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e4“In laboratory bioassays, thymol and citronellal significantly inhibited seed germination and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Citronellal significantly inhibited seed germination and development of corn in laboratory bioassays.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- citronellale4
- Outcome
- seed germination and developmente4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
- Setting
- laboratory bioassayse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e4“In laboratory bioassays, thymol and citronellal significantly inhibited seed germination and development”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil had only minimal phytotoxic effects on corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- rosemary oile4
- Outcome
- phytotoxic effectse4
- Qualifier
- only minimale4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e4“rosemary oil had only minimal phytotoxic effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil-treated seeds produced the highest number of distressed wireworms in greenhouse trials, compared with all other treatments.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- Rosemary oile3
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- distressed wirewormse3
- Direction
- highest numbere3
- Value
- 56%e3
- Qualifier
- Odds Ratio = 2.64e3
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse3
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“Rosemary oil treated seeds produced the highest number of distressed wireworms (56%, Odds Ratio = 2.64) compared to all other treatments while not creating any phytotoxic effects”
e4“repellency trials under greenhouse conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol-treated corn seeds were the least damaged by wireworm feeding in greenhouse trials (90.7% undamaged) compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- thymole5
- Interactor
- Agriotes obscurusAgriotes obscuruse0pest
- Outcome
- damagede5
- Direction
- leaste5
- Value
- 90.7% undamagede5
- Qualifier
- Odds Ratio = 0.153e5
- Comparator
- the controle5
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“larvae of Agriotes obscurus”
e2“corn seed germination”
e4“repellency trials under greenhouse conditions”
e5“Seeds treated with thymol were the least damaged (90.7% undamaged, Odds Ratio = 0.153) compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol retarded corn seedling height compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- thymole3
- Outcome
- seedling heighte3
- Direction
- retardede3
- Comparator
- the controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“thymol and citronellal retarded seedling height compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Citronellal retarded corn seedling height compared with the control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- citronellale3
- Outcome
- seedling heighte3
- Direction
- retardede3
- Comparator
- the controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“thymol and citronellal retarded seedling height compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Eugenol produced the lowest corn seed germination (25.3%).
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- Eugenole3
- Outcome
- seed germinatione3
- Direction
- loweste3
- Value
- 25.3%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“Eugenol produced the lowest seed germination (25.3% germination)”
Claim · model-written summary
Citronellal had no negative impact on corn seed germination.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- citronellale3
- Outcome
- seed germinatione3
- Qualifier
- no negative impacte3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“citronellal, rosemary oil and thymol had no negative impact on seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Rosemary oil had no negative impact on corn seed germination.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- rosemary oile3
- Outcome
- seed germinatione3
- Qualifier
- no negative impacte3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“citronellal, rosemary oil and thymol had no negative impact on seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Thymol had no negative impact on corn seed germination.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- thymole3
- Outcome
- seed germinatione3
- Qualifier
- no negative impacte3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“corn seed germination”
e3“citronellal, rosemary oil and thymol had no negative impact on seed germination”
The same questions in other papers
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1 in the opposite direction
- positive
eugenol · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →thymol · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
citronellal · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.