Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), appeared as a devastating pest of rice in Asia. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of three nutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), on BPH and its host rice plants. Biochemical constituents of BPH and rice plants with varying nutrient levels at different growth stages, and changes in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants were determined in the laboratory. Feeding of BPH and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH with different nutrient levels were determined in the nethouse. Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants, and this elemental mismatch is an inherent constraint on meeting nutritional requirements of BPH. Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants. Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH while application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH. Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants, which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest. P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents, which indicated little importance of P to the feeding of BPH and tolerance of plant against BPH. K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
BPH bodies had higher N and P concentrations than rice plants.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- Concentrations of N and Pe0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Comparator
- host rice plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concentrations of N and P were found much higher in the BPH body than in its host rice plants”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen was more limiting for BPH than other nutrients in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- limiting element for BPHe0
- Direction
- more limitinge0
- Comparator
- other nutrientse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen was found as a more limiting element for BPH than other nutrients in rice plants.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer increased N concentration in rice plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- N concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilizer increased BPH nitrogen concentration.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N fertilizerse0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- N concentrations both in rice plants and BPHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of N fertilizers to the rice plants increased the N concentrations both in rice plants and BPH”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilizer increased phosphorus in rice tissue without increasing it in BPH.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Pe0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- concentrations in plant tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilizer increased potassium in rice tissue without increasing it in BPH.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Ke0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- concentrations in plant tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of P and K fertilizers increased their concentrations in plant tissues only but not in BPH.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N application increased soluble protein in rice plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- level of soluble proteinse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N application decreased silicon content in rice plants.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- silicon contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen application also increased the level of soluble proteins and decreased silicon content in rice plants”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N associated changes increased BPH feeding.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- feeding of BPHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sharp reduction of RWC in rice plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
BPH feeding sharply reduced rice RWC under N application.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- RWC in rice plantse0
- Direction
- sharp reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which resulted in increased feeding of BPH with sharp reduction of RWC in rice plants ultimately caused susceptible to the pest.”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization increased P concentration in rice tissues.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- concentration of P in rice plant tissuese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
P fertilization did not change N, K, Si, free sugar or soluble protein content in rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contentse0
- Direction
- not changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P fertilization increased the concentration of P in rice plant tissues but not changed N, K, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilization increased K content in rice tissue.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- K contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilization reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein content in rice tissues.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilization minimized rice RWC reduction after BPH feeding.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- RWC in rice plantse0
- Direction
- minimum reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding”
t0“Rice Plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K fertilization contributed to higher rice tolerance to brown planthopper.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- K fertilizatione0
- Interactor
- brown planthopper
Nilaparvata lugense0pest - Outcome
- tolerance of rice plants to brown planthoppere0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K fertilization increased K content but reduced N, Si, free sugar and soluble protein contents in the plant tissues which resulted in the minimum reduction of RWC in rice plants after BPH feeding, thereby contributed to higher tolerance of rice plants to brown planthopper.”
t0“Rice Plants”
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