Abstract
Soda saline-alkali significantly hinders rice growth, phosphorus utilization efficiency, and yield formation. The application of biochar can alleviate the adverse effects of saline-alkali stress on crops. However, there is limited research on the interaction between biochar and phosphorus fertilizer concerning ionic accumulation, phosphorus utilization efficiency, and rice yield in soda saline-alkali soils. A two-year field experiment was conducted to study the combined effects of biochar and phosphate fertilizer on ionic accumulation, physiological status, phosphorus utilization efficiency, and rice yield in soda saline-alkali soil. Four treatments were established for the study: NK (225 kg N, 75 kg K ha−1 year−1), NPK (225 kg N, 70 kg P, 75 kg K ha−1 year−1), NK + B [225 kg N, 75 kg K ha−1 year−1, 1.5% biochar (w/w)], and NPK + B [225 kg N, 70 kg P, 75 kg K ha−1 year−1, 1.5% biochar (w/w)]. The findings indicated that the combined application of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer (NPK + B) significantly reduced the Na+ concentration, Na+/K+ ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in rice plants. Furthermore, it resulted in a significant increase in K+ concentration and elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP), soluble sugar (SS), and acid phosphatase (ACP). The NPK + B treatment exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05). Compared with NK, phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus utilization efficiency under NPK + B were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The average of biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index of NPK + B, NK + B, and NPK significantly surpassed those of NK by 6.28–12.25%, 19.80–42.13%, and 11.59–24.64%, respectively. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between NPK + B and the other treatments (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis of the two-year mean data revealed a strong positive correlation of 89.5% for PC1 and a minor negative correlation of 4.4% for PC2. Our research findings demonstrate that the combination of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer effectively enhances salt and alkali tolerance in rice plants, resulting in increased yield through improved ionic balance and physiological status.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar reduced rice Na concentration and Na to K ratio.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- NPK + Be0
- Outcome
- Na+ concentration, Na+/K+ ratioe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combined application of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer (NPK + B) significantly reduced the Na+ concentration, Na+/K+ ratio”
e1“levels in rice plants”
e2“exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar reduced MDA, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NPK + Be1
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly reduced the Na+ concentration, Na+/K+ ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in rice plants”
e1“(NPK + B)”
e2“exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar increased rice K concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be2
- Outcome
- K+ concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it resulted in a significant increase in K+ concentration”
e1“levels in rice plants”
e2“phosphorus fertilizer (NPK + B)”
e3“exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar raised SOD, POD and CAT levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be2
- Outcome
- levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT)”
e1“levels in rice plants”
e2“phosphorus fertilizer (NPK + B)”
e3“exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar raised APX, proline and soluble protein levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be2
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX), proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP)”
e1“levels in rice plants”
e2“phosphorus fertilizer (NPK + B)”
e3“exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar raised soluble sugar and acid phosphatase levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be2
- Outcome
- soluble sugar (SS), and acid phosphatase (ACP)e0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), proline (Pro), soluble protein (SP), soluble sugar (SS), and acid phosphatase (ACP)”
e1“levels in rice plants”
e2“phosphorus fertilizer (NPK + B)”
e3“exhibited a significant difference compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar increased phosphorus accumulation over NK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be0
- Outcome
- phosphorus accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with NK, phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus utilization efficiency under NPK + B were significantly increased (p < 0.05)”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar increased phosphorus utilization efficiency over NK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be0
- Outcome
- phosphorus utilization efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- NKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with NK, phosphorus accumulation and phosphorus utilization efficiency under NPK + B were significantly increased (p < 0.05)”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar, NK plus biochar and NPK increased biomass yield over NK by 6.28–12.25%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + B, NK + B, and NPKe0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Value
- 6.28–12.25%e0
- Comparator
- NKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average of biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index of NPK + B, NK + B, and NPK significantly surpassed those of NK by 6.28–12.25%, 19.80–42.13%, and 11.59–24.64%, respectively”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar, NK plus biochar and NPK increased grain yield over NK by 19.80–42.13%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + B, NK + B, and NPKe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Value
- 19.80–42.13%e0
- Comparator
- NKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average of biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index of NPK + B, NK + B, and NPK significantly surpassed those of NK by 6.28–12.25%, 19.80–42.13%, and 11.59–24.64%, respectively”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar, NK plus biochar and NPK increased harvest index over NK by 11.59–24.64%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + B, NK + B, and NPKe0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- surpassede0
- Value
- 11.59–24.64%e0
- Comparator
- NKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average of biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index of NPK + B, NK + B, and NPK significantly surpassed those of NK by 6.28–12.25%, 19.80–42.13%, and 11.59–24.64%, respectively”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus biochar differed significantly from the other treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- NPK + Be0
- Outcome
- significant differencee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant difference was observed between NPK + B and the other treatments (p < 0.05)”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA gave 89.5% positive PC1 correlation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- positive correlatione0
- Value
- 89.5%e0
- Qualifier
- PC1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Principal component analysis of the two-year mean data revealed a strong positive correlation of 89.5% for PC1”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
PCA gave 4.4% negative PC2 correlation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- negative correlatione0
- Value
- 4.4%e0
- Qualifier
- PC2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a minor negative correlation of 4.4% for PC2”
e1“levels in rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed improved salt tolerance and yield to ionic balance and physiological status.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of biochar and phosphorus fertilizere0
- Outcome
- increased yielde0
- Qualifier
- through improved ionic balance and physiological statuse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the combination of biochar and phosphorus fertilizer effectively enhances salt and alkali tolerance in rice plants, resulting in increased yield through improved ionic balance and physiological status”
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