Abstract
Blast is the most destructive rice diseases in Egypt and could cause significant yield losses. The variable nature and race shifting of the pathogen often leads to resistance breakdown of high yielding varieties such as Sakha 101 and Sakha 104. Chemical control is not always effective and often has an undesirable impact on the environment and human health. Some antioxidants and organic compounds; Bion (BTH, benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester), at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3 and 1 mM; Salicylic acid 8 mM (SA), Benzoic acid 8 mM, Nicotinic acid 8mM, H2O2 30%, and Compost tea 100% were directly applied as foliar spray of 21-days old seedlings prior to challenge inoculation with Magnaporthe grisea to promote blast resistance in rice leaves. Under greenhouse condition, artificial inoculation was applied after four fixed periods (5, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatment (DAT)) from the application date of all antioxidants. All antioxidants and compost tea reduced the infection percentage compared with untreated check especially with the inoculation 5 DAT. Concerning infection % of rice blast, there are a remarkable significant differences among all antioxidants compared with control. All antioxidants were significantly reduced the infection percentage. Salicylic acid was the most effective antioxidant at concentration of 8 mM, it recorded 4.9, 9.7, 28 and 15.5 % with 5, 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively. Also, Bion (BTH) at both concentrations 0.3 and 1.0 mM exhibited a significant reduction in infection %. The rest of antioxidants exhibited significant increase in infection % especially under late induced periods from 10-20 DAT.The optimal period of induced resistance, was artificial inoculation 5 DAT which recorded the lowest infection percentage compared with the inoculation after 10 to 20 days. With both Salicylic acid and Bion, artificial inoculation 5 DAT to 15 days led to a significant reduction in disease infection percentage and severity. While the resistance was remarkably sharply decreased after 15 days from induced resistance treatment with all antioxidants. Optimal induced period of Benzoic acid, Nicotinic acid, H2O2, Compost tea and Cinnamic acid was continued from 5 to 10 days only. Treatment with salicylic acid at 8 mM recorded the lowest area under disease progress curve ( AUDPC), 409.48 compared by the control 1304.24, followed by Bion at 0.3 and 1.0. However, BTH and Salicylic acid had neither suppression nor fungicidal effect on linear growth, spore germination, sporulation and appressorium formation of Magnaporthe grisea in vitro. Concerning Peroxidase (PO) activity with both SA 4mM and BTH increased continuously in 0-25 min. intervals and markedly significant increase, although PO activities reach to be maximum at 25 min. in which was higher than that control and other treatments. SA had the highest activities in period intervals followed by BTH. Compost Tea and H2O2 showed no significant increase in PO activity with all time intervals while the other treatments showed PO activities only in 10-20 min. compared to control. Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity has gradually decreased during intervals 0 to3 min. Spraying by SA 4mM recorded the highest enzyme activity in all intervals and markedly significant increase in activity. For growth characters, all applications of antioxidants treatments led to a significant increase in leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight of rice leaves compared to control. In general, Sakha 101 rice cultivar exhibited the highest response to applications of all antioxidant compared with other cultivar Sakha 104 that have a weak response of growth characters to antioxidants application. Abbreviations: BTH, benzo (1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester; JA, jasmonic acid; SA, salicylic acid; SAR, systemic acquired resistance.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidants and compost tea reduced rice blast infection, especially at five days after treatment.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- All antioxidants and compost teae0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe grisea
Pyricularia griseat0pathogen - Outcome
- infection percentagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 5 DATe0
- Comparator
- untreated checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All antioxidants and compost tea reduced the infection percentage compared with untreated check especially with the inoculation 5 DAT.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid gave 4.9% blast infection at 5 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentagee1
- Value
- 4.9e0
- Qualifier
- 5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid was the most effective antioxidant at concentration of 8 mM, it recorded 4.9, 9.7, 28 and 15.5 % with 5, 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
e1“All antioxidants and compost tea reduced the infection percentage compared with untreated check especially with the inoculation 5 DAT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid gave 9.7% blast infection at 10 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentagee1
- Value
- 9.7e0
- Qualifier
- 10e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid was the most effective antioxidant at concentration of 8 mM, it recorded 4.9, 9.7, 28 and 15.5 % with 5, 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
e1“All antioxidants and compost tea reduced the infection percentage compared with untreated check especially with the inoculation 5 DAT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid gave 28% blast infection at 15 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentagee1
- Value
- 28e0
- Qualifier
- 15e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid was the most effective antioxidant at concentration of 8 mM, it recorded 4.9, 9.7, 28 and 15.5 % with 5, 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
e1“All antioxidants and compost tea reduced the infection percentage compared with untreated check especially with the inoculation 5 DAT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid gave 15.5% blast infection at 20 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentagee1
- Value
- 15.5 %e0
- Qualifier
- 20 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid was the most effective antioxidant at concentration of 8 mM, it recorded 4.9, 9.7, 28 and 15.5 % with 5, 10, 15 and 20 DAT, respectively.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
e1“All antioxidants and compost tea reduced the infection percentage compared with untreated check especially with the inoculation 5 DAT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bion at 0.3 mM reduced infection significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Bion (BTH)e0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection %e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- 0.3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bion (BTH) at both concentrations 0.3 and 1.0 mM exhibited a significant reduction in infection %.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
Bion at 1.0 mM reduced infection significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Bion (BTH)e0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection %e0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- 1.0 mMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bion (BTH) at both concentrations 0.3 and 1.0 mM exhibited a significant reduction in infection %.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
Other antioxidants had higher infection at later induction periods.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rest of antioxidantse0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection %e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 10-20 DATe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The rest of antioxidants exhibited significant increase in infection % especially under late induced periods from 10-20 DAT.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation at 5 DAT gave the lowest infection compared with 10–20 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- artificial inoculation 5 DATe0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection percentagee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- inoculation after 10 to 20 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“artificial inoculation 5 DAT which recorded the lowest infection percentage compared with the inoculation after 10 to 20 days.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid and Bion reduced infection percentage and severity from 5 to 15 DAT.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acid and Bione0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease infection percentage and severitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- 5 DAT to 15 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With both Salicylic acid and Bion, artificial inoculation 5 DAT to 15 days led to a significant reduction in disease infection percentage and severity.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance declined sharply after 15 days for all antioxidant treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- all antioxidantse0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- after 15 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the resistance was remarkably sharply decreased after 15 days from induced resistance treatment with all antioxidants.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified a 5–10 day optimal induction period for benzoic acid, nicotinic acid, H2O2, compost tea and cinnamic acid.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Optimal induced periode0
- Qualifier
- 5 to 10 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Optimal induced period of Benzoic acid, Nicotinic acid, H2O2, Compost tea and Cinnamic acid was continued from 5 to 10 days only.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid had the lowest AUDPC, 409.48, versus control 1304.24.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid at 8 mMe0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseat0pathogen
- Outcome
- area under disease progress curve ( AUDPC)e0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 409.48e0
- Qualifier
- 1304.24e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with salicylic acid at 8 mM recorded the lowest area under disease progress curve ( AUDPC), 409.48 compared by the control 1304.24, followed by Bion at 0.3 and 1.0.”
t0“rice blast “MAGNAPORTHE GRISEA””
Claim · model-written summary
BTH and salicylic acid did not suppress Magnaporthe grisea growth, germination, sporulation or appressorium formation in vitro.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- BTH and Salicylic acide0
- Interactor
- Magnaporthe griseaPyricularia griseae0pathogen
- Outcome
- linear growth, spore germination, sporulation and appressorium formation of Magnaporthe griseae0
- Direction
- neither suppression nor fungicidal effecte0
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BTH and Salicylic acid had neither suppression nor fungicidal effect on linear growth, spore germination, sporulation and appressorium formation of Magnaporthe grisea in vitro.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and BTH increased peroxidase activity up to 25 minutes, with SA highest.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SA 4mM and BTHe0
- Outcome
- Peroxidase (PO) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 0-25 min.e0
- Comparator
- control and other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Peroxidase (PO) activity with both SA 4mM and BTH increased continuously in 0-25 min. intervals and markedly significant increase, although PO activities reach to be maximum at 25 min. in which was higher than that control and other treatments. SA had the highest activities in period intervals followed by BTH.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost tea and H2O2 had no significant peroxidase increase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Compost Tea and H2O2e0
- Outcome
- PO activitye0
- Direction
- no significant increasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compost Tea and H2O2 showed no significant increase in PO activity with all time intervals while the other treatments showed PO activities only in 10-20 min. compared to control.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphenoloxidase activity declined over 0–3 minutes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 0 to3 min.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity has gradually decreased during intervals 0 to3 min.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
SA at 4 mM produced the highest PPO activity across intervals.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SA 4mMe0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying by SA 4mM recorded the highest enzyme activity in all intervals and markedly significant increase in activity.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant treatments increased rice leaf area, height, chlorophyll and fresh and dry weight.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- antioxidants treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight of rice leavese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all applications of antioxidants treatments led to a significant increase in leaf area, plant height, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weight of rice leaves compared to control.”
t0“rice blast”
Claim · model-written summary
Sakha 101 responded more strongly to antioxidants than Sakha 104.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- Sakha 101e0
- Outcome
- response to applications of all antioxidante0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- Sakha 104e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sakha 101 rice cultivar exhibited the highest response to applications of all antioxidant compared with other cultivar Sakha 104 that have a weak response of growth characters to antioxidants application.”
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See all 22 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.