The application of biochar improves the nutrient supply efficiency of organic fertilizer, sustains soil quality and promotes sustainable crop production

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer alone decreased rice yield by 2% in each year compared with chemical fertilizers.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae1

Treatment

OF alonee1

Outcome

rice yielde1

Direction

decreasede1

Value

2%/2%e1

Qualifier

2019/2020e1

Comparator

chemical fertilizers (CF)e1

Setting

field triale0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0

“field trial was conducted to explore the effect of biochar addition on improving the nutrient availability of OF”

e1

“compared to the individual application of chemical fertilizers (CF), OF alone decreased rice yield (2%/2%) and rapeseed yield (6%/10%) in 2019/2020”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer alone decreased rapeseed yield compared with chemical fertilizers.

Taxon

rapeseede1

Treatment

OF alonee1

Outcome

rapeseed yielde1

Direction

decreasede1

Value

6%/10%e1

Qualifier

2019/2020e1

Comparator

chemical fertilizers (CF)e1

Setting

field triale0

Verbatim

e0

“field trial was conducted to explore the effect of biochar addition on improving the nutrient availability of OF”

e1

“compared to the individual application of chemical fertilizers (CF), OF alone decreased rice yield (2%/2%) and rapeseed yield (6%/10%) in 2019/2020”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar significantly increased rice yield compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae2

Treatment

OF + B15e2

Outcome

rice yielde2

Direction

increasede2

Value

17%/10%e2

Qualifier

in the first/second yeare2

Comparator

OFe2

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e2

“OF + B15) significantly increased rice yield (17%/10%) and rapeseed yield (25%/20%) in the first/second year”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar significantly increased rapeseed yield compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

rapeseede2

Treatment

OF + B15e2

Outcome

rapeseed yielde2

Direction

increasede2

Value

25%/20%e2

Qualifier

in the first/second yeare2

Comparator

OFe2

Verbatim

e2

“OF + B15) significantly increased rice yield (17%/10%) and rapeseed yield (25%/20%) in the first/second year”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased rice yield for two consecutive years compared with chemical fertilizers.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae4

Treatment

OF + B15e4

Outcome

rice yielde4

Direction

increasede4

Value

14%/7%e4

Qualifier

for two consecutive yearse4

Comparator

CFe4

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e4

“OF + B15 still increased rice yield (14%/7%) and rapeseed yield (12%/13%) for two consecutive years compared to CF”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased rapeseed yield for two consecutive years compared with chemical fertilizers.

Taxon

rapeseede4

Treatment

OF + B15e4

Outcome

rapeseed yielde4

Direction

increasede4

Value

12%/13%e4

Qualifier

for two consecutive yearse4

Comparator

CFe4

Verbatim

e4

“OF + B15 still increased rice yield (14%/7%) and rapeseed yield (12%/13%) for two consecutive years compared to CF”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar elevated soil organic carbon by 57%–81% in the rice season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

soil organic carbon (SOC)e5

Direction

elevatede5

Value

57%–81%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar elevated soil catalase by 19% in the rice season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

soil catalasee5

Direction

elevatede5

Value

19%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar elevated soil invertase by 14%–20% in the rice season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

invertasee5

Direction

elevatede5

Value

14%–20%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar elevated soil urease by 17%–19% in the rice season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

ureasee5

Direction

elevatede5

Value

17%–19%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar elevated soil phosphatase by 13%–17% in the rice season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

riceOryza sativae5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

phosphatasee5

Direction

elevatede5

Value

13%–17%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased soil organic carbon by 77%–90% in the rapeseed season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

rapeseede5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

soil organic carbon (SOC)e5

Direction

increasede5

Value

77%–90%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased soil catalase by 14%–16% in the rapeseed season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

rapeseede5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

soil catalasee5

Direction

increasede5

Value

14%–16%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased soil invertase by 14%–20% in the rapeseed season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

rapeseede5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

invertasee5

Direction

increasede5

Value

14%–20%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased soil urease by 18%–24% in the rapeseed season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

rapeseede5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

ureasee5

Direction

increasede5

Value

18%–24%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Organic fertilizer with biochar increased soil phosphatase by 16%–17% in the rapeseed season compared with organic fertilizer alone.

Taxon

rapeseede5

Treatment

OF + B15e5

Outcome

phosphatasee5

Direction

increasede5

Value

16%–17%e5

Comparator

OFe5

Verbatim

e5

“Compared to OF, OF + B15 elevated soil organic carbon (SOC) by 57%–81%, soil catalase 19%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 17%–19%, and phosphatase 13%–17% during rice season, and similarly increased SOC by 77%–90%, soil catalase 14%–16%, invertase 14%–20%, urease 18%–24%, and phosphatase 16%–17% in rapeseed season”

Claim · model-written summary

Biochar addition improved soil conditions and enzymatic activities and the available nutrient supply of organic fertilizer.

Taxon

crope6

Outcome

soil conditions and enzymatic activitiese7

Verbatim

e7

“Biochar addition improved soil conditions and enzymatic activities, and the available nutrient supply of OF”

e6

“which promotes both crop yield and sustainable agriculture”

Claim · model-written summary

Biochar with rapeseed meal surpassed the effect of chemical fertilizer alone on crop growth and yield.

Taxon

cropse3

Treatment

biochar and rapeseed meale3

Outcome

growth and yielde3

Direction

surpassede3

Comparator

chemical fertilizer alonee3

Verbatim

e3

“biochar and rapeseed meal surpassed the effect of chemical fertilizer alone on the growth and yield of crops”

Claim · model-written summary

Biochar coupled with organic fertilizer is an effective fertilization strategy that promotes crop yield.

Taxon

crope6

Outcome

effective fertilization strategye4

Verbatim

e6

“which promotes both crop yield and sustainable agriculture”

e4

“biochar coupling with organic fertilizer is an effective fertilization strategy based on resource recycling”