Abstract
Core Ideas Effectiveness of EEFs varied greatly with their modes of action, soils, and management factors. NIs, DIs, and CRFs reduced N2O emissions by 38, 30, and 19%, respectively, compared with conventional N fertilizers. NIs increased overall crop yields by 7% compared with conventional N fertilizers. DIs might provide added benefits over NIs in alkaline soils, coarse‐textured soils, and irrigated systems. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs) have the potential to reduce N 2 O emissions and improve crop productivity, but the impact of soil and management conditions on their effectiveness is not clear. We conducted a meta‐analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of different EEF types in reducing N 2 O emissions in three cereal production systems: rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). We also compared EEF efficacy across soil and management conditions for corn and wheat systems. Results showed that the effect of EEFs on N 2 O emissions and crop yields varied greatly with their modes of action, soil types, and management conditions. Nitrification inhibitors (NIs), double inhibitors (DIs: urease plus nitrification inhibitors), and controlled‐release N fertilizers (CRFs) consistently reduced N 2 O emissions compared with conventional N fertilizers across soil and management conditions (grand mean decreases of 38, 30, and 19%, respectively). The DIs more effectively reduced N 2 O emissions in alkaline soils than did NIs, but the trend was reversed in acidic soils. Urease inhibitors also reduced N 2 O emissions compared with conventional N fertilizers in coarse‐textured soils and irrigated systems. Overall crop yields increased by 7% with the addition of NIs alone. Compared with conventional N fertilizers, DIs also increased crop yields in alkaline soils, coarse‐textured soils, and irrigated systems. However, CRFs had no effect on crop yields. Overall, this study suggests that NIs or DIs can reduce N 2 O emissions while improving crop yields. Growers should select EEFs based on their soil and management conditions to maximize their effectiveness.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
NIs reduced N2O emissions by 38% versus conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- NIse0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 38e0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIs, DIs, and CRFs reduced N2O emissions by 38, 30, and 19%, respectively, compared with conventional N fertilizers.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DIs reduced N2O emissions by 30% versus conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- DIse0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30e0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIs, DIs, and CRFs reduced N2O emissions by 38, 30, and 19%, respectively, compared with conventional N fertilizers.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRFs reduced N2O emissions by 19% versus conventional fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- CRFse0
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NIs, DIs, and CRFs reduced N2O emissions by 38, 30, and 19%, respectively, compared with conventional N fertilizers.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NIs increased overall crop yield by 7%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall crop yields increased by 7% with the addition of NIs alone.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DIs reduced N2O emissions more effectively than NIs in alkaline soils.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Treatment
- DIse0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- NIse0
- Setting
- alkaline soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The DIs more effectively reduced N 2 O emissions in alkaline soils than did NIs”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NIs were more effective than DIs in acidic soils.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DIse3
- Outcome
- trende0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- NIse3
- Setting
- acidic soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but the trend was reversed in acidic soils.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e3“The DIs more effectively reduced N 2 O emissions in alkaline soils than did NIs, but the trend was reversed in acidic soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
Urease inhibitors reduced emissions in coarse textured soils and irrigated systems.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- Urease inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- N 2 O emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizerse0
- Setting
- coarse‐textured soils and irrigated systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Urease inhibitors also reduced N 2 O emissions compared with conventional N fertilizers in coarse‐textured soils and irrigated systems.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
DIs increased crop yield in alkaline soils, coarse textured soils and irrigated systems.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- DIse0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional N fertilizerse0
- Setting
- alkaline soils, coarse‐textured soils, and irrigated systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with conventional N fertilizers, DIs also increased crop yields in alkaline soils, coarse‐textured soils, and irrigated systems.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
CRFs had no effect on crop yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- CRFse0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, CRFs had no effect on crop yields.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend choosing EEFs based on soil and management conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- select EEFs based on their soil and management conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growers should select EEFs based on their soil and management conditions to maximize their effectiveness.”
e1“rice ( Oryza sativa L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 5 papers →nitrification inhibitor · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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nitrification inhibitor · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
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- positive
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See all 7 papers →fertilization · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ
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See all 108 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.