Abstract
Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting agricultural production.Salinity tolerance in glycophytes is mainly associated with the ability to maintain high K+:Na+ ratios in shoots.The ability of the plant to exclude uptake of sodium(Na+) and to retain potassium(K+) in the cells may contribute to this trait.To better understand the accumulation and transport of salinity ions in wheat under high-salt conditions,we examined responses of plant roots under saline conditions using three varieties of wheat with varying levels of salt tolerance;Chinese-Spring,ZhouYuan-9369,and ChangWu-134.We examined seedling growth,absorption of K+,and accumulation of both Na+ and K+ under salt stress.The non-invasive micro-test technique(NMT) was adapted to detect the K+ flux in the roots and to determine Na+ and K+ contents of shoots and roots after 2 days of salt stress.The advantages of the non-invasive micro-test technique over traditional methods are that it is rapid,non-invasive,and it can be used on live plants.For all varieties,the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress,and the salt-tolerant cultivar ChangWu-134 maintained higher dry weight than the other two varieties.In all three varieties,roots were more strongly inhibited than shoots under salt stress.The efflux velocity of K+ in roots was nearly 15 times greater in Chinese-Spring than in ChangWu-134 under saline conditions.This result was consistent with those obtained using traditional methods,which showed that the K+ contents in shoots and roots decreased under salt stress.During salt stress,the Na+ contents in shoots and roots increased while the K+ contents decreased,resulting in an increase in the Na+:K+ ratio.Among the three varieties,Changwu-134 showed the lowest concentration of Na + in cells of seedlings under salt stress.The Na+:K+ ratios in shoots and roots were higher in Chinese-Spring than in ChangWu-134,suggesting that the salt-tolerant cultivar ChangWu-134 showed greater Na+-exclusion capability than the salt-sensitive cultivar Chinese-Spring.More closely related indices of salinity tolerance have been proposed,such as Na+ and K+ concentrations and K+/Na+ tissue content ratios in shoots or roots,or the production of specific metabolites in various species.Among the three wheat varieties,the Na+ restriction capability was highest in Changwu-134.This indicates that Changwu-134 was able to increase accumulation of Na+ in the roots and decrease the transportation of Na+ to the shoots as mechanisms to tolerate salinity.Thus,improving the ability of plants to accumulate salinity ions and control their transport should produce cultivars with even greater salt tolerance.In conclusion,under salt stress,the significant increase in the velocity of K+ efflux and the accumulation of Na+ resulted in increased Na+:K+ ratios in roots and shoots.Moreover,the Na+:K+ ratio differed between salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive wheat cultivars.In wheat,it appears that the capacity to retain K+ is an important indicator of salt tolerance,and the non-invasive micro-test technique should be a reliable screening method to select salt-tolerant cultivars in plant breeding programs.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings in all varieties.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, the salt-tolerant cultivar ChangWu-134 kept higher dry weight than the other two varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- ChangWu-134e1
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- the other two varietiese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e1“the salt-tolerant cultivar ChangWu-134 maintained higher dry weight than the other two varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, roots were inhibited more strongly than shoots in all three varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse2
- Treatment
- salt stresse2
- Outcome
- inhibitede2
- Direction
- more stronglye2
- Comparator
- shootse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e2“In all three varieties, roots were more strongly inhibited than shoots under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The K+ efflux velocity in roots was nearly 15 times greater in Chinese-Spring than in ChangWu-134 under saline conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Chinese-Springe3
- Treatment
- saline conditionse3
- Outcome
- efflux velocity of K+ in rootse3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- nearly 15 timese3
- Comparator
- ChangWu-134e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e3“The efflux velocity of K+ in roots was nearly 15 times greater in Chinese-Spring than in ChangWu-134 under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased K+ contents in shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse4
- Treatment
- salt stresse4
- Outcome
- K+ contentse4
- Direction
- decreasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e4“which showed that the K+ contents in shoots and roots decreased under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Na+ contents in shoots and roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- shoots and rootse5
- Treatment
- salt stresse5
- Outcome
- Na+ contentse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e5“During salt stress, the Na+ contents in shoots and roots increased while the K+ contents decreased, resulting in an increase in the Na+:K+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased the Na+:K+ ratio.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse5
- Outcome
- Na+:K+ ratioe5
- Direction
- increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e5“During salt stress, the Na+ contents in shoots and roots increased while the K+ contents decreased, resulting in an increase in the Na+:K+ ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Changwu-134 had the lowest Na+ concentration in seedling cells under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Changwu-134e6
- Treatment
- salt stresse6
- Outcome
- concentration of Na + in cells of seedlingse6
- Direction
- loweste6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e6“Changwu-134 showed the lowest concentration of Na + in cells of seedlings under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The Na+:K+ ratios in shoots and roots were higher in Chinese-Spring than in ChangWu-134.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Chinese-Springe7
- Outcome
- Na+:K+ ratios in shoots and rootse7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- ChangWu-134e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e7“The Na+:K+ ratios in shoots and roots were higher in Chinese-Spring than in ChangWu-134”
Claim · model-written summary
ChangWu-134 shows greater Na+-exclusion capability than Chinese-Spring.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- ChangWu-134e1
- Outcome
- Na+-exclusion capabilitye1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- Chinese-Springe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e1“suggesting that the salt-tolerant cultivar ChangWu-134 showed greater Na+-exclusion capability than the salt-sensitive cultivar Chinese-Spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, the velocity of K+ efflux increased significantly.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- velocity of K+ effluxe1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e1“under salt stress, the significant increase in the velocity of K+ efflux”
Claim · model-written summary
The capacity to retain K+ is an important indicator of salt tolerance in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- capacity to retain K+e1
- Qualifier
- important indicator of salt tolerancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In wheat, it appears that the capacity to retain K+ is an important indicator of salt tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
The non-invasive micro-test technique has the advantages of being rapid and non-invasive over traditional methods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- advantagese1
- Comparator
- traditional methodse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e1“The advantages of the non-invasive micro-test technique over traditional methods are that it is rapid,non-invasive”
Claim · model-written summary
The non-invasive micro-test technique should be a reliable screening method to select salt-tolerant wheat cultivars in breeding programs.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- reliable screening method to select salt-tolerant cultivarse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In wheat, it appears that the capacity to retain K+ is an important indicator of salt tolerance”
e2“the non-invasive micro-test technique should be a reliable screening method to select salt-tolerant cultivars in plant breeding programs”
Claim · model-written summary
Accumulating Na+ in the roots and restricting its transport to shoots is a mechanism by which ChangWu-134 tolerates salinity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Changwu-134e1
- Compound
- Na+e1
- Outcome
- tolerate salinitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For all varieties, the growth of wheat seedlings was inhibited by salt stress”
e1“Changwu-134 was able to increase accumulation of Na+ in the roots and decrease the transportation of Na+ to the shoots as mechanisms to tolerate salinity”
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