Abstract
Sulphur(S)is an essential nutrient required for all living organisms.The needs of higher plants for S have been recognized for over two centuries.However,interest in this essential element has lagged behind other nutrients because until recently deficiency of S has not been as extensive as that of N,P and K.Over the last two decades,however,many regions in the world have a fundamental shift in the S balance toward deficit in agricultural systems for several reasons.High analysis N and P fertilizers have gradually replaced traditional ones that contain S.In addition,yields of agricultural crops have increased markedly,and in some cases more than doubled,resulting in increased removal of nutrients,including S from soils,and so on.Deficiency of S has been recognized as a limiting factor for crop production in many regions in the world.Wheat is the most widely cultivated crop in the world. Although the crop has a relatively low requirement for S,deficiency of S in wheat has been observed in many countries.Apart from the clear effects on crop growth and grain yield,S nutrition can also exert a large influence on the quality of wheat.Previous studies focused on effects of single S fertilizer on growth and yield of wheat.This paper aims to compare the effects of different S fertilizer treatments on yield and quality of winter wheat cultivar Yumai 49.The experiment was carried out with applying of 5 kinds of sulphur fertilizers,respectively to the fields with available S content of 15.8 mg·kg~(-1) at the rate of 60 kg·hm~(-2) sulphur.The results indicated that the photosynthesis(CAP)rates in the treatment of sulphur fertilizers were much higher,and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage,for example,CAP of S deficiency treatment(C0)was lowered 9.8%,13.3%,11.9%,40.3% and 43.7% respectively,compared with the treatments of brimstone(C1),plaster(C2),calcium superphosphate(C3),sulphate ammonium(C4)and potassium sulphate(C5)at late filling stage(Fig.1).The dry matter accumulation,harvest index,and grain weight were increased and finally grain yield of C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5 were 18.8%,20.3%,25.2%,18.5% and 14.9% higher respectively compared with C0,especially there was a significant difference at 0.01 probability level with C3(Table 1).Meanwhile,activity of nitrate reductase(NR)in flag leaves and glutenin accumulation in grain at filling stage were enhanced,and starch pasting parameters of flour relating to cooking qualities of Chinese noodle,such as pasting time,through viscosity,peak viscosity and final viscosity were improved by S treatments.Comparing roundly the effects of 5 kinds S fertilizers on physiological traits,yield and quality of Yumai 49,calcium superphosphate was the best.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur fertilizer treatments increased wheat photosynthesis rates and slowed their late-filling decline.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Yumai 49t0
- Organ / stage
- late grain filling stagee0
- Treatment
- sulphur fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis(CAP)ratese0
- Direction
- much highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“the photosynthesis(CAP)rates in the treatment of sulphur fertilizers were much higher,and exhibited slower declines at the late grain filling stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Brimstone increased wheat grain yield by 18.8% versus sulfur deficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- brimstonee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 18.8%e0
- Comparator
- C0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“grain yield of C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5 were 18.8%,20.3%,25.2%,18.5% and 14.9% higher respectively compared with C0”
e1“brimstone(C1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plaster increased wheat grain yield by 20.3% versus sulfur deficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- plastere1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20.3%e0
- Comparator
- C0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“grain yield of C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5 were 18.8%,20.3%,25.2%,18.5% and 14.9% higher respectively compared with C0”
e1“plaster(C2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium superphosphate increased wheat grain yield by 25.2% versus sulfur deficiency, significantly at the 0.01 level.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- calcium superphosphatee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 25.2%e0
- Comparator
- C0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“grain yield of C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5 were 18.8%,20.3%,25.2%,18.5% and 14.9% higher respectively compared with C0,especially there was a significant difference at 0.01 probability level with C3”
e1“calcium superphosphate(C3)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphate ammonium increased wheat grain yield by 18.5% versus sulfur deficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphate ammoniume1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 18.5%e0
- Comparator
- C0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“grain yield of C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5 were 18.8%,20.3%,25.2%,18.5% and 14.9% higher respectively compared with C0”
e1“sulphate ammonium(C4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium sulphate increased wheat grain yield by 14.9% versus sulfur deficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- potassium sulphatee1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14.9%e0
- Comparator
- C0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“grain yield of C1,C2,C3,C4 and C5 were 18.8%,20.3%,25.2%,18.5% and 14.9% higher respectively compared with C0”
e1“potassium sulphate(C5)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur fertilizers increased dry matter accumulation, harvest index, and grain weight.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sulphur fertilizerse1
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation,harvest index,and grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“The dry matter accumulation,harvest index,and grain weight were increased”
e1“the treatment of sulphur fertilizers were much higher”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur treatments enhanced flag-leaf nitrate reductase activity and grain glutenin accumulation.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S treatmentse0
- Outcome
- activity of nitrate reductase(NR)in flag leaves and glutenin accumulation in graine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“activity of nitrate reductase(NR)in flag leaves and glutenin accumulation in grain at filling stage were enhanced,and starch pasting parameters of flour relating to cooking qualities of Chinese noodle,such as pasting time,through viscosity,peak viscosity and final viscosity were improved by S treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur treatments improved flour pasting time, through viscosity, and peak viscosity.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pasting time,through viscosity,peak viscositye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“starch pasting parameters of flour relating to cooking qualities of Chinese noodle,such as pasting time,through viscosity,peak viscosity and final viscosity were improved by S treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur treatments improved flour final viscosity.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S treatmentse0
- Outcome
- final viscositye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“final viscosity were improved by S treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium superphosphate was judged the best of the five sulphur fertilizers overall.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- calcium superphosphate was the beste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)Cultivar Yumai 49”
e0“calcium superphosphate was the best”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.