Abstract
In this study, rice(Oryza sativa) ‘Kongyu 131' was used as experimental material, 2, 4, 6, 8-day submergence treatments and a subsequent 3-day recovery were conducted, and the impacts of different degrees of submergence on the growth and antioxidant parameters of rice were investigated. The results showed that the signifi cant elongation of leaves and internodes resulted in overgrowth of rice seedlings; photosynthetic pigments and relative water content decreased; hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) content increased gradually, while malondialdehyde(MDA) content fi rst increased and then decreased, reaching its peak on the fourth day of treatment. The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) also fi rst increased and then decreased, rising 80.91% and 51. 54% on the sixth day of treatment respectively; catalase(CAT) activity increased 66.59% on the eighth day of treatment compared to the control; ascorbate peroxidase(APX) activity was relatively stable, while glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activity increased at fi rst(reached a high level of 78.82% on the fourth day) and then decreased. The subsequent 3-day recovery was not able to restore the lodging phenotype of rice seedlings, and both above-ground and underground dry weights increased under all treatments. The root/shoot ratio of rice seedlings recovered from 2 or 4 days of submergence treatment increased, while the one recovered from 6 or 8 days of submergen ce treatment decreased. MDA and reactive oxygen species(ROS) con-tents continued to increase, prompting the activities of CAT and AP X to increase, subsequently participating in scavenging ROS. Our results indicated that submergence resulted in decrease in phot osynthetic pigments and relative water content, and quickly triggered the operation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS scavenging system, leading to root/shoot imbalance, nutritional defi ciency of rice seedlings, the whole plant overgrowth and lodging during the subsequent recovery. During the recovery, CAT and APX activities were triggered for the removal of the increasing ROS, and different submergence severity resulted in different root/shoot ratio changes, implying different recovery m echanisms.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence elongated rice leaves and internodes and caused seedling overgrowth.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- leaves and internodese0
- Outcome
- elongation of leaves and internodese0
- Direction
- elongatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the signifi cant elongation of leaves and internodes resulted in overgrowth of rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Submergence reduced photosynthetic pigments and relative water content.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments and relative water contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic pigments and relative water content decreased”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide content increased gradually under submergence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) content increased gradually”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Malondialdehyde content rose then fell, peaking on day four of submergence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde(MDA) contente0
- Direction
- fi rst increased and then decreasede0
- Qualifier
- fourth day of treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“malondialdehyde(MDA) content fi rst increased and then decreased, reaching its peak on the fourth day of treatment”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity first increased then decreased and was 80.91% higher on day six.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase(SOD)e0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)e0
- Direction
- fi rst increased and then decreasede0
- Value
- 80.91%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) also fi rst increased and then decreased, rising 80.91% and 51. 54% on the sixth day of treatment respectively”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
POD activity first increased then decreased and was 51. 54% higher on day six.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- peroxidase(POD)e0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD)e0
- Direction
- fi rst increased and then decreasede0
- Value
- 51. 54%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) also fi rst increased and then decreased, rising 80.91% and 51. 54% on the sixth day of treatment respectively”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT activity increased 66.59% on day eight relative to control.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- eighth day of treatmente0
- Gene
- catalase(CAT)e0
- Outcome
- catalase(CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 66.59%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase(CAT) activity increased 66.59% on the eighth day of treatment compared to the control”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
APX activity was relatively stable under submergence.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase(APX)e0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase(APX) activitye0
- Direction
- relatively stablee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbate peroxidase(APX) activity was relatively stable”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
GPX activity first increased to a fourth-day high of 78.82%, then decreased.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- glutathione peroxidase(GPX)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activitye0
- Direction
- increased at fi rste0
- Value
- 78.82%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activity increased at fi rst(reached a high level of 78.82% on the fourth day) and then decreased”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three days of recovery did not restore the lodging phenotype.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- lodging phenotypee0
- Direction
- not able to restoree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The subsequent 3-day recovery was not able to restore the lodging phenotype of rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Above-ground and underground dry weights increased during recovery under all treatments.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- above-ground and underground dry weightse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both above-ground and underground dry weights increased under all treatments”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root/shoot ratio increased after two or four days of submergence followed by recovery.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 2 or 4 days of submergence treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root/shoot ratio of rice seedlings recovered from 2 or 4 days of submergence treatment increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Root/shoot ratio decreased after six or eight days of submergence followed by recovery.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- the onee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 6 or 8 days of submergen ce treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the one recovered from 6 or 8 days of submergen ce treatment decreased”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
MDA and ROS contents continued to increase during recovery.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- MDA and reactive oxygen species(ROS) con-tentse0
- Direction
- continued to increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA and reactive oxygen species(ROS) con-tents continued to increase”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
CAT and APX activities increased during recovery and participated in ROS scavenging.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Gene
- CAT and AP Xe0
- Outcome
- activities of CAT and AP Xe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- scavenging ROSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prompting the activities of CAT and AP X to increase, subsequently participating in scavenging ROS”
t0“Rice(Oryza sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute root/shoot imbalance, nutritional deficiency, overgrowth and lodging to submergence-induced water and pigment loss and ROS scavenging.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- submergencee0
- Outcome
- root/shoot imbalance, nutritional defi ciency of rice seedlings, the whole plant overgrowth and lodginge0
- Qualifier
- enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS scavenging systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“submergence resulted in decrease in phot osynthetic pigments and relative water content, and quickly triggered the operation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS scavenging system, leading to root/shoot imbalance, nutritional defi ciency of rice seedlings, the whole plant overgrowth and lodging during the subsequent recovery”