Abstract
Nitrogen management in combination with sustainable agronomic techniques can have a great impact on the wheat grain proteome influencing its technological quality. In this study, proteomic analyses were used to document changes in the proportion of prolamins in mature grains of the newly released Italian durum wheat cv Achille. Such an approach was applied to wheat fertilized with urea (UREA) and calcium nitrate (NITRATE), during the transition to no-till Conservation Agriculture (CA) practice in a Mediterranean environment. Results obtained in a two-years field experiment study suggest low molecular weight glutenins (LMW-GS) as the fraction particularly inducible regardless of the N-form. Quantitative analyses of LMW-GS by 2D-GE followed by protein identification by LC-ESI-MS/MS showed that the stable increase was principally due to C-type LMW-GS. The highest accumulation resulted from a physiologically healthier state of plants treated with UREA and NITRATE. Proteomic analysis on the total protein fraction during the active phase of grain filling was also performed. For both N treatments, but at different extent, an up-regulation of different classes of proteins was observed: i) enzymes involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycles which contribute to an enhanced source of energy and carbohydrates, ii) stress proteins like heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzymes, such as peroxidases and superoxide dismutase which protect the grain from abiotic stress during starch and storage protein synthesis. In conclusion N inputs, which combined rate with N form gave high yield and improved quality traits in the selected durum wheat cultivar. The specific up-regulation of some HSPs, antioxidant enzymes and defense proteins in the early stages of grain development and physiological indicators related to fitness traits, could be useful bio-indicators, for wheat genotype screening under more sustainable agronomic conditions, like transition phase to no-till CA in Mediterranean environments.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Low molecular weight glutenins were inducible regardless of nitrogen form.
- Taxon
- Durum Wheat
Triticum turgidum subsp. durumt0 - Gene
- low molecular weight gluteninse0
- Outcome
- fraction particularly induciblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“low molecular weight glutenins (LMW-GS) as the fraction particularly inducible regardless of the N-form.”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The stable increase in LMW-GS was principally due to C-type LMW-GS.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Gene
- C-type LMW-GSe0
- Outcome
- stable increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stable increase was principally due to C-type LMW-GS.”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest accumulation occurred in plants treated with UREA and NITRATE.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- UREA and NITRATEe0
- Outcome
- highest accumulatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest accumulation resulted from a physiologically healthier state of plants treated with UREA and NITRATE.”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Both N treatments upregulated glycolysis and citric acid cycle enzymes, to different extents.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- both N treatmentse0
- Gene
- enzymes involved in glycolysis and citric acid cyclese0
- Outcome
- up-regulation of different classes of proteinse0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both N treatments, but at different extent, an up-regulation of different classes of proteins was observed: i) enzymes involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycles”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Both N treatments upregulated heat shock and antioxidant proteins to different extents.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- both N treatmentse0
- Gene
- heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzymese0
- Outcome
- up-regulation of different classes of proteinse0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both N treatments, but at different extent, an up-regulation of different classes of proteins was observed: i) enzymes involved in glycolysis and citric acid cycles which contribute to an enhanced source of energy and carbohydrates, ii) stress proteins like heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidant enzymes, such as peroxidases and superoxide dismutase”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen inputs gave high yield.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N inputse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N inputs, which combined rate with N form gave high yield and improved quality traits”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen inputs improved quality traits.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Treatment
- N inputse0
- Outcome
- quality traitse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N inputs, which combined rate with N form gave high yield and improved quality traits”
t0“Durum Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed upregulated stress proteins and physiological fitness indicators as screening bio-indicators.
- Taxon
- Durum WheatTriticum turgidum subsp. durumt0
- Outcome
- useful bio-indicators, for wheat genotype screeninge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The specific up-regulation of some HSPs, antioxidant enzymes and defense proteins in the early stages of grain development and physiological indicators related to fitness traits, could be useful bio-indicators, for wheat genotype screening”
t0“Durum Wheat”