Abstract
The efficacy of three biopesticides based on Pochonia chlamydosporia, Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens was tested on the root-knot of chickpea caused by Meloidogyne spp. under field conditions. The biopesticides were applied to seeds of chickpea cv. BG 256 at the rate of 2 g/kg seed along with the commercial rhizobium. Two thousand J2/kg soil were used as inoculum. Infection by the nematode caused 14 and 15% decline in the dry weight and yield of chickpea, respectively, losses that were avoided when the biopesticides were applied. Dry weight and yield of nematode infected plants were significantly increased by application of P. fluorescens (31 and 34%) and P. chlamydosporia (28 and 25%), respectively. The dry weight and yield of chickpea not inoculated with the nematode was increased by 39 and 36% when P. fluorescens was applied. Seed treatment with fenamiphos resulted in 14 and 18% increase in the dry weight and yield, respectively. Gall formation and egg mass production of root-knot nematodes was decreased by 23 and 18% by the application of P. chlamydosporia against 26 and 19% by fenamiphos. Treatment with P. fluorescens also significantly decreased the number of galls and egg masses, but less than treatment with P. chlamydosporia. Soil populations of the nematodes increased gradually during the growing season in the control plots, but decreased significantly when seeds were treated with P. chlamydosporia or P. fluorescens. Trichoderma harzianum did not significantly affect nematode pathogenesis. Rhizosphere populations of the bioagents increased both in the presence and absence of root-knot nematode.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection reduced chickpea dry weight by 14%.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- Infection by the nematodee0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 14e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by the nematode caused 14 and 15% decline in the dry weight and yield of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Nematode infection reduced chickpea yield by 15%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- Infection by the nematodee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection by the nematode caused 14 and 15% decline in the dry weight and yield of chickpea”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens raised infected chickpea dry weight by 31%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- application of P. fluorescense0
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- Dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight and yield of nematode infected plants were significantly increased by application of P. fluorescens (31 and 34%)”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens raised infected chickpea yield by 34%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- application of P. fluorescense0
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight and yield of nematode infected plants were significantly increased by application of P. fluorescens (31 and 34%)”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. chlamydosporia raised infected chickpea dry weight by 28%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- P. chlamydosporiae0
- Second interactor
- P. chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight and yield of nematode infected plants were significantly increased by application of P. fluorescens (31 and 34%) and P. chlamydosporia (28 and 25%), respectively.”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. chlamydosporia raised infected chickpea yield by 25%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- P. chlamydosporiae0
- Second interactor
- P. chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry weight and yield of nematode infected plants were significantly increased by application of P. fluorescens (31 and 34%) and P. chlamydosporia (28 and 25%), respectively.”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens increased uninoculated chickpea dry weight by 39%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescense0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dry weight and yield of chickpea not inoculated with the nematode was increased by 39 and 36% when P. fluorescens was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens increased uninoculated chickpea yield by 36%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescense0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The dry weight and yield of chickpea not inoculated with the nematode was increased by 39 and 36% when P. fluorescens was applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenamiphos seed treatment increased dry weight by 14%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with fenamiphose0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with fenamiphos resulted in 14 and 18% increase in the dry weight and yield, respectively”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenamiphos seed treatment increased yield by 18%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment with fenamiphose0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with fenamiphos resulted in 14 and 18% increase in the dry weight and yield, respectively”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. chlamydosporia reduced nematode galls by 23%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- P. chlamydosporiae0
- Interactor
- root-knot nematodes
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogynee0pathogen - Second interactor
- P. chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Gall formatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Gall formation and egg mass production of root-knot nematodes was decreased by 23 and 18% by the application of P. chlamydosporia against 26 and 19% by fenamiphos”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. chlamydosporia reduced nematode egg masses by 18%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- P. chlamydosporiae0
- Interactor
- root-knot nematodesMeloidogynee0pathogen
- Second interactor
- P. chlamydosporiaPochonia chlamydosporiae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg mass production of root-knot nematodese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gall formation and egg mass production of root-knot nematodes was decreased by 23 and 18% by the application of P. chlamydosporia against 26 and 19% by fenamiphos”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenamiphos reduced nematode galls by 26%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- fenamiphose0
- Interactor
- root-knot nematodesMeloidogynee0pathogen
- Outcome
- Gall formatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 26e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gall formation and egg mass production of root-knot nematodes was decreased by 23 and 18% by the application of P. chlamydosporia against 26 and 19% by fenamiphos”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenamiphos reduced nematode egg masses by 19%.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- fenamiphose0
- Interactor
- root-knot nematodesMeloidogynee0pathogen
- Outcome
- egg mass production of root-knot nematodese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 19%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gall formation and egg mass production of root-knot nematodes was decreased by 23 and 18% by the application of P. chlamydosporia against 26 and 19% by fenamiphos”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens significantly reduced gall and egg-mass numbers, less than P. chlamydosporia.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- P. fluorescense0
- Second interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- number of galls and egg massese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- P. chlamydosporiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with P. fluorescens also significantly decreased the number of galls and egg masses, but less than treatment with P. chlamydosporia”
e1“root-knot nematodes”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Control soil nematode populations increased during the growing season.
Verbatim
e0“Soil populations of the nematodes increased gradually during the growing season in the control plots”
Claim · model-written summary
P. chlamydosporia seed treatment significantly decreased soil nematode populations.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“decreased significantly when seeds were treated with P. chlamydosporia or P. fluorescens”
e1“Soil populations of the nematodes”
Claim · model-written summary
P. fluorescens seed treatment significantly decreased soil nematode populations.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“decreased significantly when seeds were treated with P. chlamydosporia or P. fluorescens”
e1“Soil populations of the nematodes”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma harzianum did not significantly affect nematode pathogenesis.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinumt0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma harzianume0
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- nematode pathogenesise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma harzianum did not significantly affect nematode pathogenesis”
t0“CHICKPEA”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere populations of bioagents increased with and without root-knot nematodes.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizosphere populations of the bioagents increased both in the presence and absence of root-knot nematode”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.