Abstract
In apples, as in the leaves of higher plants, blue, green and red fluorescence is emitted by skin regions excited by UV light. In the blue wavelength range fluorescence is emitted by phenolic compounds of cell walls in peripheral skin regions which is independent of the ground colour of the site excited. Red fluorescence emitted corresponds to the chlorophyll-a fluorescence of leaves, with a maximum near 690 nm and a shoulder near 730 nm. Fluorescence in the green spectral range is greatly dependent on the ground colour of the skin region excited. Green skin (shade), depending on the excitation wavelength, produces a maximum between 524 and 540 nm while red skin (sunny side) emits fluorescence in the red spectral range with a maximum between 600 and 613 nm. Fluorescence of red skin, compared to green, is usually less intense. In the transitional skin range between shade and sunny side both maxima have frequently been found to appear. When skin damaged by microbial infestation, browning or mechanical stress is excited by any of the three excitation wavelengths a drastic increase of blue fluorescence has been observed which is probably caused by polyphenol compounds in cell walls. The location of maxima is not specific of the nature of damage; the intensity of signals, furthermore, usually exceeds the measuring range, and fluorescence is emitted over a wide spectrum.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Apple skin emits blue, green and red fluorescence under UV excitation.
- Taxon
- APPLE
Malus domesticat0 - Organ / stage
- skin regionse0
- Treatment
- UV lighte0
- Outcome
- blue, green and red fluorescencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“In apples, as in the leaves of higher plants, blue, green and red fluorescence is emitted by skin regions excited by UV light.”
Claim · model-written summary
Blue fluorescence in apple skin is independent of the ground colour of the excited site.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- peripheral skin regionse0
- Outcome
- fluorescencee0
- Direction
- independente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“In the blue wavelength range fluorescence is emitted by phenolic compounds of cell walls in peripheral skin regions which is independent of the ground colour of the site excited.”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple skin red fluorescence has a maximum near 690 nm and a shoulder near 730 nm.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- Red fluorescencee0
- Value
- 690 nme0
- Qualifier
- shoulder near 730 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“Red fluorescence emitted corresponds to the chlorophyll-a fluorescence of leaves, with a maximum near 690 nm and a shoulder near 730 nm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green spectral fluorescence depends greatly on the ground colour of apple skin.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- skin regione0
- Outcome
- Fluorescence in the green spectral rangee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“Fluorescence in the green spectral range is greatly dependent on the ground colour of the skin region excited.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green apple skin has a fluorescence maximum between 524 and 540 nm, depending on excitation wavelength.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- Green skine0
- Outcome
- maximume0
- Value
- 524 and 540 nme0
- Qualifier
- depending on the excitation wavelengthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“Green skin (shade), depending on the excitation wavelength, produces a maximum between 524 and 540 nm”
Claim · model-written summary
Red apple skin emits fluorescence with a maximum between 600 and 613 nm.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- red skine0
- Outcome
- fluorescence in the red spectral rangee0
- Value
- 600 and 613 nme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“red skin (sunny side) emits fluorescence in the red spectral range with a maximum between 600 and 613 nm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescence of red apple skin is usually less intense than that of green skin.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- red skine0
- Outcome
- Fluorescencee0
- Direction
- less intensee0
- Comparator
- greene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“Fluorescence of red skin, compared to green, is usually less intense.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transitional apple skin frequently shows both fluorescence maxima.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- transitional skin rangee0
- Outcome
- both maximae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“In the transitional skin range between shade and sunny side both maxima have frequently been found to appear.”
Claim · model-written summary
Damaged apple skin shows a drastic increase in blue fluorescence under any of the three excitation wavelengths.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- skine0
- Outcome
- blue fluorescencee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- microbial infestation, browning or mechanical stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“When skin damaged by microbial infestation, browning or mechanical stress is excited by any of the three excitation wavelengths a drastic increase of blue fluorescence has been observed”
Claim · model-written summary
The locations of fluorescence maxima do not distinguish the nature of apple skin damage.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- location of maximae0
- Direction
- not specifice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“The location of maxima is not specific of the nature of damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescence signals from damaged apple skin usually exceed the measuring range.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- intensity of signalse0
- Direction
- exceedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“the intensity of signals, furthermore, usually exceeds the measuring range”
Claim · model-written summary
Damaged apple skin emits fluorescence over a wide spectrum.
- Taxon
- APPLEMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- fluorescencee0
- Qualifier
- over a wide spectrume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“BRAEBURN APPLE FRUIT”
e0“fluorescence is emitted over a wide spectrum”