Abstract
Activity, adsorption, mobility, and field persistence of one emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and three microencapsulated (ME) formulations of alachlor were studied with petri dish bioassay, based on root response of oats grown in sand or soil. Both bioassays indicated that activity of all formulations was increased with increasing herbicide concentration. EC-alachlor in sand showed the highest activity, while ME-alachlor L and ME-alachlor A , the lowest; the activity of ME-alachlor C was intermediate. In silty clay loam soil, EC-alachlor had the highest activity, while ME-alachlor L had the lowest; and ME-alachlor A showed intermediate activity and was similar to that of ME-alachlor C More alachlor was adsorbed on the soil or remained encapsulated (not biologically available) after ME-alachlor L and ME-alachor A application compared to EC-alachlor. An intermediate amount of alachlor was adsorbed or remained inside the capsules when the ME-alachlor C formulation was applied. Greater amounts of alachlor were leached through a silty clay loam after EC-alachlor application compared to the three ME-alachlor formulations. Biologically available alachlor was not detected below 15 or 10 cm after application of EC- and ME-alachlor formulations, respectively. All alachlor formulations applied alone or in mixture with atrazine showed similar field persistence. Biologically available alachlor was not detected in the 0- to 10-cm soil depth 30 d after their application. All alachlor formulations applied alone gave excellent control of redroot pigweed and black nightshade, but only partial control of jimsonweed. None of the herbicide treatments showed any detrimental effect on corn, and all of them increased corn yield to the level of weed-free control.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor activity increased with herbicide concentration in oat bioassays.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativae0 - Treatment
- increasing herbicide concentratione1
- Outcome
- root responsee0
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root response of oats grown in sand or soil”
e1“activity of all formulations was increased with increasing herbicide concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
In sand, EC-alachlor had the highest activity and ME-alachlor L and A the lowest.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- highest activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- sande1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oats grown in sand or soil”
e1“EC-alachlor in sand showed the highest activity, while ME-alachlor L and ME-alachlor A , the lowest; the activity of ME-alachlor C was intermediate”
Claim · model-written summary
In soil, EC-alachlor had the highest and ME-alachlor L the lowest activity.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- highest activitye1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Setting
- silty clay loam soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oats grown in sand or soil”
e1“In silty clay loam soil, EC-alachlor had the highest activity, while ME-alachlor L had the lowest; and ME-alachlor A showed intermediate activity and was similar to that of ME-alachlor C”
Claim · model-written summary
ME-alachlor L and A left more alachlor adsorbed or encapsulated than EC-alachlor.
- Outcome
- alachlor was adsorbed on the soil or remained encapsulatede0
- Direction
- Moree0
- Comparator
- EC-alachlore0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“More alachlor was adsorbed on the soil or remained encapsulated (not biologically available) after ME-alachlor L and ME-alachor A application compared to EC-alachlor”
Claim · model-written summary
EC-alachlor leached more through silty clay loam than the three ME formulations.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Greater amounts of alachlor were leached through a silty clay loam after EC-alachlor application compared to the three ME-alachlor formulations”
Claim · model-written summary
Biologically available alachlor was absent below 15 cm for EC and 10 cm for ME formulations.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Biologically available alachlor was not detected below 15 or 10 cm after application of EC- and ME-alachlor formulations, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
All alachlor formulations had similar field persistence alone or mixed with atrazine.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“All alachlor formulations applied alone or in mixture with atrazine showed similar field persistence”
Claim · model-written summary
Biologically available alachlor was absent from the top 10 cm after 30 days.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Biologically available alachlor was not detected in the 0- to 10-cm soil depth 30 d after their application”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor formulations gave only partial control of jimsonweed.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse2 - Treatment
- All alachlor formulations applied alonee1
- Interactor
- jimsonweed
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Datura stramoniume0weed - Outcome
- control of jimsonweede0
- Direction
- partiale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“only partial control of jimsonweed”
e1“All alachlor formulations applied alone gave excellent control”
e2“detrimental effect on corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments caused no detrimental effect on corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- detrimental effect on corne0
- Direction
- Nonee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the herbicide treatments showed any detrimental effect on corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments increased corn yield to the weed-free control level.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse1
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- weed-free controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all of them increased corn yield to the level of weed-free control”
e1“herbicide treatments”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · organism · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →herbicide · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
499 papers in the same direction as this paper · 127 in the opposite direction · 24 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
647 papers more in this group
See all 651 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.