Abstract
In vitro axillary shoot proliferation can be used to increase availability of citrus ( Citrus ) types in high demand, while limiting somaclonal variation. However, established protocols could be improved to increase efficiency. Therefore, this study investigated some factors [plant growth regulators (PGRs), basal media, and successive subculturing] which affect the in vitro axillary shoot proliferation of mature ‘Washington Navel’ orange ( Citrus sinensis ) and juvenile ‘Carrizo’ citrange ( C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata ). In ‘Washington Navel’ orange, maximum axillary shoot induction (66.9% explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 2.45 shoots per explant) was obtained in Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L −1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 0.05 mg·L −1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) along with 1 mg·L −1 6-furfurylaminopurine [kinetin (kin)], whereas in ‘Carrizo’ citrange, axillary shoot production was greatest (82.6% and 87.5% of explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 4.3 and 4.1 shoots per explant) at 1.0 or 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW medium. The initial nodal propagules (with basal tissue remaining from removed shoots) were repeatedly subcultured for six times every 4 weeks onto DKW medium with the same levels of PGRs used for initial culturing. Woody plant medium (WPM), Murashige and Skoog medium (MS), and DKW were also compared for rooting at quarter to full strength for salt components, all amended with 2.0 mg·L −1 indolebutyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg·L −1 NAA. MS at full strength provided the highest rooting in ‘Carrizo’ citrange (93%) and longest root length (58 mm), whereas half-strength MS provided the highest rooting in ‘Washington Navel’ orange (60% to 61%) and the longest roots (26 mm). Addition of 1 μ m spermidine to the rooting medium enhanced root length only for ‘Washington Navel’ orange on full-strength MS, but accelerated rooting for both cultivars on all media. The plantlets were successfully transferred to greenhouse conditions, exhibiting normal development, with high uniformity, and no evidence of somaclonal variation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Washington Navel orange reached maximum shoot induction of 66.9% on the specified DKW medium.
- Taxon
- orangee0
- Material
- ‘Washington Navel’e0
- Treatment
- Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L −1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 0.05 mg·L −1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) along with 1 mg·L −1 6-furfurylaminopurine [kinetin (kin)]e0
- Outcome
- axillary shoot inductione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 66.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In ‘Washington Navel’ orange, maximum axillary shoot induction (66.9% explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 2.45 shoots per explant) was obtained in Driver and Kuniyuki walnut (DKW) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg·L −1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 0.05 mg·L −1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) along with 1 mg·L −1 6-furfurylaminopurine [kinetin (kin)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Washington Navel orange produced a mean of 2.45 shoots per explant on the optimal induction medium.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“In ‘Washington Navel’ orange, maximum axillary shoot induction (66.9% explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 2.45 shoots per explant)”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrizo citrange had greatest shoot production, with 82.6% of explants producing shoots at 1.0 mg/L BA in DKW medium.
- Taxon
- citrangee0
- Material
- ‘Carrizo’e0
- Treatment
- 1.0e0
- Outcome
- axillary shoot productione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 82.6%e0
- Qualifier
- BA in DKW mediume0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“in ‘Carrizo’ citrange, axillary shoot production was greatest (82.6% and 87.5% of explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 4.3 and 4.1 shoots per explant) at 1.0 or 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrizo citrange had greatest shoot production, with 87.5% of explants producing shoots at 2.0 mg/L BA in DKW medium.
- Taxon
- citrangee0
- Material
- ‘Carrizo’e0
- Treatment
- 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW mediume0
- Outcome
- axillary shoot productione0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 87.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“in ‘Carrizo’ citrange, axillary shoot production was greatest (82.6% and 87.5% of explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 4.3 and 4.1 shoots per explant) at 1.0 or 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrizo citrange produced 4.3 shoots per explant at 1.0 mg/L BA in DKW medium.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“in ‘Carrizo’ citrange, axillary shoot production was greatest (82.6% and 87.5% of explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 4.3 and 4.1 shoots per explant) at 1.0 or 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrizo citrange produced 4.1 shoots per explant at 2.0 mg/L BA in DKW medium.
- Taxon
- citrangee0
- Treatment
- 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW mediume0
- Outcome
- shoots per explante0
- Value
- 4.1 shoots per explante0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“in ‘Carrizo’ citrange, axillary shoot production was greatest (82.6% and 87.5% of explants producing axillary shoots with a mean of 4.3 and 4.1 shoots per explant) at 1.0 or 2.0 mg·L −1 BA in DKW medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-strength MS provided the highest rooting in Carrizo citrange, at 93%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MS at full strength provided the highest rooting in ‘Carrizo’ citrange (93%) and longest root length (58 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Full-strength MS provided the longest Carrizo citrange roots, at 58 mm.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“MS at full strength provided the highest rooting in ‘Carrizo’ citrange (93%) and longest root length (58 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-strength MS provided the highest rooting in Washington Navel orange, at 60% to 61%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“half-strength MS provided the highest rooting in ‘Washington Navel’ orange (60% to 61%) and the longest roots (26 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Half-strength MS provided the longest Washington Navel orange roots, at 26 mm.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“half-strength MS provided the highest rooting in ‘Washington Navel’ orange (60% to 61%) and the longest roots (26 mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding 1 μ m spermidine enhanced root length only in Washington Navel orange on full-strength MS.
- Taxon
- orangee0
- Treatment
- Addition of 1 μ m spermidinee0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- only for ‘Washington Navel’ orange on full-strength MSe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Addition of 1 μ m spermidine to the rooting medium enhanced root length only for ‘Washington Navel’ orange on full-strength MS, but accelerated rooting for both cultivars on all media”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine accelerated rooting of Washington Navel orange on all media.
- Taxon
- orangee0
- Treatment
- Addition of 1 μ m spermidinee0
- Outcome
- rootinge0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Qualifier
- on all mediae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Addition of 1 μ m spermidine to the rooting medium enhanced root length only for ‘Washington Navel’ orange on full-strength MS, but accelerated rooting for both cultivars on all media”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine accelerated rooting of Carrizo citrange on all media.
- Taxon
- Citranget0
- Treatment
- Addition of 1 μ m spermidinee0
- Outcome
- rootinge0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Qualifier
- on all mediae0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Addition of 1 μ m spermidine to the rooting medium enhanced root length only for ‘Washington Navel’ orange on full-strength MS, but accelerated rooting for both cultivars on all media”
t0“Juvenile ‘Carrizo’ Citrange”
Claim · model-written summary
Washington Navel orange plantlets transferred successfully to the greenhouse with normal development, high uniformity and no evident somaclonal variation.
- Taxon
- Oranget0
- Outcome
- normal development, with high uniformity, and no evidence of somaclonal variatione0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The plantlets were successfully transferred to greenhouse conditions, exhibiting normal development, with high uniformity, and no evidence of somaclonal variation.”
t0“Mature ‘Washington Navel’ Orange”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrizo citrange plantlets transferred successfully to the greenhouse with normal development, high uniformity and no evident somaclonal variation.
- Taxon
- Citranget0
- Outcome
- normal development, with high uniformity, and no evidence of somaclonal variatione0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The plantlets were successfully transferred to greenhouse conditions, exhibiting normal development, with high uniformity, and no evidence of somaclonal variation.”
t0“Juvenile ‘Carrizo’ Citrange”
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