Influence of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on yield, economics and quality parameters of aerobic rice

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on yield, economics and quality parameters of aerobic rice during kharif 2013 and 2014 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of 24 treatment combinations comprising six main plots (manurial practices) and four sub-plots (liquid organic manures) which were replicated thrice. Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97), grain yield (4262 kg/ha), straw yield (6033 kg/ha), protein (8.75%) and starch (22.70%). Among the treatment combinations, integrated application of RDF+FYM+microbial consortium and soil application of cow urine @ 500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 DAS recorded significantly higher net returns (Rs. 34, 595/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of Rs. 2.17 over other treatments.

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Claims 8

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Integrated RDF, farm yard manure, microbial consortium, and biodigester application produced significantly higher productive tillers per square metre (466.62).

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)e0
Interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume0symbiont
Second interactor: phosphate solubilizing bacteriae0symbiont
Outcome: productive tillers/m2e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 466.62e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Azospirillum* · InteractorFadelblaid · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–768 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same integrated nutrient treatment produced significantly higher filled grains per panicle (92.97).

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)e2
Interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume2symbiont
Second interactor: phosphate solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
Outcome: filled grains/paniclee0
Direction: highere1
Value: 92.97e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“filled grains/panicle (92.97)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–799 · show in text ↑

e1
“recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 708–799 · show in text ↑

e2
“Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–707 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment produced significantly higher grain yield (4262 kg/ha).

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)e2
Interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume2symbiont
Second interactor: phosphate solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: highere1
Value: 4262 kg/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“grain yield (4262 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 801–825 · show in text ↑

e1
“recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97), grain yield (4262 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 708–825 · show in text ↑

e2
“Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–707 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment produced significantly higher straw yield (6033 kg/ha).

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)e2
Interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume2symbiont
Second interactor: phosphate solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
Outcome: straw yielde0
Direction: highere1
Value: 6033 kg/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“straw yield (6033 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 827–851 · show in text ↑

e1
“recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97), grain yield (4262 kg/ha), straw yield (6033 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 708–851 · show in text ↑

e2
“Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–707 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment produced significantly higher protein content (8.75%).

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)e2
Interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume2symbiont
Second interactor: phosphate solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
Outcome: proteine0
Direction: highere1
Value: 8.75%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“protein (8.75%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 853–868 · show in text ↑

e1
“recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97), grain yield (4262 kg/ha), straw yield (6033 kg/ha), protein (8.75%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 708–868 · show in text ↑

e2
“Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–707 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The same treatment produced significantly higher starch content (22.70%).

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)e2
Interactor: AzospirillumAzospirillume2symbiont
Second interactor: phosphate solubilizing bacteriae2symbiont
Outcome: starche0
Direction: highere0
Value: 22.70%e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97), grain yield (4262 kg/ha), straw yield (6033 kg/ha), protein (8.75%) and starch (22.70%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 708–888 · show in text ↑

e2
“Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 417–707 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

RDF, farm yard manure, microbial consortium and cow urine produced significantly higher net returns (Rs. 34, 595/ha) than other treatments.

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: integrated application of RDF+FYM+microbial consortium and soil application of cow urine @ 500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 DASe0
Outcome: net returnse0
Direction: highere0
Value: Rs. 34, 595/hae0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Verbatim

e0
“integrated application of RDF+FYM+microbial consortium and soil application of cow urine @ 500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 DAS recorded significantly higher net returns (Rs. 34, 595/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of Rs. 2.17 over other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 924–1161 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

The cow urine combination produced a significantly higher benefit-cost ratio of Rs. 2.17 than other treatments.

Taxon: aerobic ricet0
Treatment: integrated application of RDF+FYM+microbial consortium and soil application of cow urine @ 500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 DASe0
Outcome: benefit: cost ratioe0
Direction: highere0
Value: Rs. 2.17e0
Comparator: other treatmentse0

Verbatim

e0
“integrated application of RDF+FYM+microbial consortium and soil application of cow urine @ 500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 DAS recorded significantly higher net returns (Rs. 34, 595/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of Rs. 2.17 over other treatments”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 924–1161 · show in text ↑

t0
“aerobic rice”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 111–123 · show in text ↑

Azospirillum · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

53 papers: 52 positive, 1 negative or no effect

51 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

no effect
Azospirillum seed treatment did not significantly improve yield parameters of rice in the nursery.
Seed biofortification with Azospirillum spp. for improvement of seedling vigour and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). · 2000
Opposite direction
positive
Combined application with Azospirillum followed Trichoderma alone in yield.
Appraisal of Biofertilizers in Rice: To Supplement Inorganic Chemical Fertilizer · 2018 · compared with Trichoderma
Same direction
positive
Azospirillum biofertilizer increased seasonal grain yield 5% to 18% across fertilizer treatments.
Evaluation of Biofertilizers in Irrigated Rice: Effects on Grain Yield at Different Fertilizer Rates · 2012
Same direction

49 papers more in this group

See all 53 papers →

Azospirillum · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

positive
The nitrogen treatment produced rice protein content of 7.80%.
Integrated Nitrogen Management Influences the Yield Performance of Rice under Different Methods of Cultivation · 2020
Same direction

See all 2 papers →

potassium · quality: sugar starch · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

9 papers: 8 positive, 1 negative or no effect

7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction

5 papers more in this group

See all 9 papers →

phosphorus · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

12 papers: 9 positive, 3 negative or no effect

8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

no effect
Phosphorus did not affect brown rice protein content.
Effect of Fertilization on Protein Content in High Yield Rice · 1970
Opposite direction
negative
Phosphate application reduced grain protein.
P and K Nutrition of Rice (Oryza sativa) in the Sudan Kenana · 1978
Opposite direction
no effect
Rice grain protein content was slightly increased from 0 to 120 kg P2O5/ha but not significantly.
Effect of Manures and Phosphorus on Yield and Quality under Rice-Blackgram Cropping Sequence · 2023
Opposite direction

8 papers more in this group

See all 12 papers →

potassium · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

15 papers: 13 positive, 2 negative or no effect

12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

no effect
Potassium did not affect brown rice protein content.
Effect of Fertilization on Protein Content in High Yield Rice · 1970
Opposite direction
negative
Low potassium stress decreased potassium and crude protein content in milled rice grains.
Genotypic Difference in Potassium and Protein Content in Rice Grain · 2002
Opposite direction
positive
Potassium application increased rice gel consistency and grain protein content.
Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cooking Quality Properties to Nitrogen and Potassium Application · 2007
Same direction

11 papers more in this group

See all 15 papers →

fertilization · quality: sugar starch · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

61 papers: 44 positive, 17 negative or no effect

43 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction

no effect
Mean apparent amylose content generally did not differ with fertilizer input.
Effects of Organic Fertility Management on Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Quality of Diverse Rice Cultivars · 2007
Opposite direction
negative
All three fertilization modes decreased rice amylose content versus CK.
Effects of different fertilization modes on rice yield and quality under a rice-crab culture system · 2020 · compared with CK
Opposite direction
negative
Ammonia nitrogen fertilizer reduced total carbohydrates in rice plants.
The effect of ample nitrogen fertilizer on cell-wall materials and its significance to rice blast disease. · 1975
Opposite direction

57 papers more in this group

See all 61 papers →

fertilization · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

126 papers: 114 positive, 12 negative or no effect

113 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
The optimal fertilization combination did not affect rice grain yield, protein or ash content
Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc, Selenium, and Iron Fertilizers on Nutrients Concentration and Yield of Rice Grain in China · 2008 · compared with control
Opposite direction
negative
All three fertilization modes increased rice protein content versus CK.
Effects of different fertilization modes on rice yield and quality under a rice-crab culture system · 2020 · compared with CK
Opposite direction
no effect
Foliar fertilization did not significantly change rice protein content.
Statement of Foliar Fertilization Impact on Yield, Composition, and Oxidative Biomarkers in Rice · 2018
Opposite direction

122 papers more in this group

See all 126 papers →

inoculation · quality: sugar starch · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

8 papers: 6 positive, 2 negative or no effect

5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

8 of 17 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 8

The same questions in other papers

Azospirillum · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

Azospirillum · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

potassium · quality: sugar starch · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

phosphorus · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

potassium · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

fertilization · quality: sugar starch · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

fertilization · quality: protein · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

inoculation · quality: sugar starch · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results