Abstract
Application of plant growth regulator (PGR) may alleviate some negative effects of environmental stresses such as salinity. A controlled environment experiment was conducted to study barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane) growth, yield, antioxidant enzymes and ions accumulation affected by PGRs under salinity stress conditions at Shiraz University during 2012. The treatments were PGRs at four levels—water (as control), cycocel (CCC, 19 mM), salicylic acid (SA, 1 mM), and jasmonic acid (JA, 0.5 mM)—and four salinity levels—no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control), 5, 10, and 15 dS m−1, which were arranged in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity. However, PGRs compensated some of these negative effects, so that SA foliar application had the most ameliorative effect. Salt stress also increased Na+ accumulation as well as the activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Since ion discrimination and enhanced antioxidant enzymes are associated with salt tolerance, in this experiment PGRs application might have enhanced K+ accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity. The activity of SOD and K+/Na+ ratio were found to be useful in salt tolerance manipulation in barley plants.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased peduncle length, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- peduncle lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased leaf area, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased ear length, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- ear lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased grain number, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- grain numbere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased dry weight, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased grain yield, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased harvest index, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased potassium (K+) accumulation, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- potassium (K+) accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity stress significantly decreased potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, with severity closely associated with the response.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- closely associated with stress severitye0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, peduncle length, leaf area, ear length, grain number, dry weight, grain yield, harvest index, potassium (K+) accumulation, and potassium/sodium (K+/Na+) concentration ratio, which were closely associated with stress severity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Na+ accumulation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na+ accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress also increased Na+ accumulation as well as the activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased the activity of peroxidase.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- the activity of peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress also increased Na+ accumulation as well as the activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased catalase.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress also increased Na+ accumulation as well as the activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased superoxide dismutase (SOD).
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- no stresse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress also increased Na+ accumulation as well as the activity of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD).”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
e2“no stress (0.67 dS m−1, as control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant growth regulators compensated some negative effects of salinity, and foliar salicylic acid was most ameliorative.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Material
- cv. Reyhanee1
- Treatment
- SA foliar applicatione0
- Outcome
- negative effectse0
- Direction
- most ameliorative effecte0
- Comparator
- PGRse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, PGRs compensated some of these negative effects, so that SA foliar application had the most ameliorative effect.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest PGR application may enhance potassium accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- PGRs applicatione0
- Outcome
- K+ accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in this experiment PGRs application might have enhanced K+ accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity.”
e1“barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Reyhane)”
Claim · model-written summary
SOD activity and the K+/Na+ ratio were identified as useful for manipulating salt tolerance in barley.
- Taxon
- barley plantsHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- SOD and K+/Na+ ratio were found to be useful in salt tolerance manipulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of SOD and K+/Na+ ratio were found to be useful in salt tolerance manipulation in barley plants.”
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