Abstract
Abstract The root holoparasitic angiosperm sunflower broomrape ( Orobanche cumana ) specifically affects sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ) growth and causes severe damage all over the world. This investigation was designed to examine the protective effects of salicylic acid ( SA ) treatment to the seeds of an O. cumana ‐susceptible cultivar of sunflower ( TK0409 ). Sunflower seeds were pretreated with different concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) of SA and inoculated with O. cumana for 4 weeks. O. cumana infection resulted in reduction in plant biomass, endogenous SA level, and the expression of SA ‐related genes including pal , chs and NPR1 . By contrast, O. cumana infection enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species, activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as contents of phenolics and lignin. Seed treatment with 1 mM SA increased sunflower biomass in terms of plant height, fresh weight and dry weight by 10%, 13% and 26%, respectively, via reducing the number and biomass of established O. cumana . The increase of hydrogen peroxide contents by 14% in the 1 mM SA treated sunflower plants appeared to be because of the inhibition of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase by exogenous SA . The enhanced expression of pathogenesis‐related genes ( PR3 and PR12 , encoding chitinase and defensin, respectively) after 4 weeks of inoculation indicated that systemic acquired resistance was induced in the SA treated sunflower in which the level of endogenous SA was also elevated in a dose‐dependent manner. The increased expression of a hypersensitive‐responsive (HR) gene hsr indicated that the resistance of sunflowers might be associated with a hypersensitive reaction which was activated by exogenous SA treatment.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Broomrape infection reduced plant biomass.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- O. cumana infectione0
- Interactor
- O. cumana
Orobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite - Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. cumana infection resulted in reduction in plant biomass, endogenous SA level, and the expression of SA ‐related genes including pal , chs and NPR1”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Broomrape infection reduced endogenous SA level.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- O. cumana infectione0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- endogenous SA levele0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. cumana infection resulted in reduction in plant biomass, endogenous SA level, and the expression of SA ‐related genes including pal , chs and NPR1”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Broomrape infection reduced expression of SA ‐related genes including pal , chs and NPR1.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- O. cumana infectione0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- expression of SA ‐related genes including pal , chs and NPR1e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. cumana infection resulted in reduction in plant biomass, endogenous SA level, and the expression of SA ‐related genes including pal , chs and NPR1”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Broomrape infection increased production of reactive oxygen species.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- O. cumana infectione0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- production of reactive oxygen speciese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. cumana infection enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species, activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as contents of phenolics and lignin”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Broomrape infection increased activities of antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- O. cumana infectione0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. cumana infection enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species, activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as contents of phenolics and lignin”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Broomrape infection increased contents of phenolics and lignin.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- O. cumana infectione0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- contents of phenolics and lignine0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. cumana infection enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species, activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as contents of phenolics and lignin”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
1 mM salicylic acid raised sunflower plant height by 10%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SAe0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with 1 mM SA increased sunflower biomass in terms of plant height, fresh weight and dry weight by 10%, 13% and 26%, respectively, via reducing the number and biomass of established O. cumana”
Claim · model-written summary
1 mM salicylic acid raised sunflower fresh weight by 13%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SAe0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- fresh weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with 1 mM SA increased sunflower biomass in terms of plant height, fresh weight and dry weight by 10%, 13% and 26%, respectively, via reducing the number and biomass of established O. cumana”
Claim · model-written summary
1 mM salicylic acid raised sunflower dry weight by 26%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SAe0
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment with 1 mM SA increased sunflower biomass in terms of plant height, fresh weight and dry weight by 10%, 13% and 26%, respectively, via reducing the number and biomass of established O. cumana”
Claim · model-written summary
1 mM salicylic acid reduced established broomrape number and biomass.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SAe1
- Interactor
- O. cumanaOrobanche cernua var. cumanae0parasite
- Outcome
- number and biomass of established O. cumanae0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“via reducing the number and biomass of established O. cumana”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
e1“Seed treatment with 1 mM SA”
Claim · model-written summary
1 mM salicylic acid raised sunflower hydrogen peroxide content by 14%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 1 mM SAe0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxide contentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase of hydrogen peroxide contents by 14% in the 1 mM SA treated sunflower plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute increased hydrogen peroxide to inhibition of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase and catalasee0
- Outcome
- inhibition of ascorbate peroxidase and catalasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“appeared to be because of the inhibition of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase by exogenous SA”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid enhanced PR3 and PR12 expression after four weeks of infection.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Gene
- PR3 and PR12e0
- Outcome
- expression of pathogenesis‐related genese0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- 4 weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enhanced expression of pathogenesis‐related genes ( PR3 and PR12 , encoding chitinase and defensin, respectively) after 4 weeks of inoculation”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous salicylic acid in treated sunflower rose with dose.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- dose‐dependente0
- Outcome
- level of endogenous SAe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the level of endogenous SA was also elevated in a dose‐dependent manner”
t0“sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer systemic acquired resistance in treated sunflower.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- SA treatede0
- Outcome
- systemic acquired resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“systemic acquired resistance was induced in the SA treated sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased hsr expression suggests a hypersensitive reaction contributes to resistance.
- Taxon
- sunflowers
Helianthuse0 - Treatment
- exogenous SA treatmente0
- Gene
- hsre0
- Outcome
- resistance of sunflowerse0
- Qualifier
- hypersensitive reactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increased expression of a hypersensitive‐responsive (HR) gene hsr indicated that the resistance of sunflowers might be associated with a hypersensitive reaction which was activated by exogenous SA treatment”
The same questions in other papers
Orobanche cernua var. cumana · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Orobanche cernua var. cumana · physiology: oxidative · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salicylic acid · physiology: oxidative · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
infection · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
infection · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →inoculation · molecular: expression · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
infection · physiology: oxidative · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
infection · molecular: expression · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.