Abstract
BACKGROUND: Effects of continuous deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) treatments (50% ETc) in comparison with full irrigation (CI, 100% ETc) were investigated during 'Valencia' orange fruit maturation. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to quantify hesperidin, narirutin, tangeritin, nobiletin, didymin and neoeriocitrin in the fruit juice and peel. RESULTS: No significant effect of irrigation was found on yield, juice soluble solids or acidity. Juice color was not influenced by irrigation or harvest date, whereas peel color increased during maturation and was more pronounced in CI and PRD fruits. Juice acidity reached a peak in May, while soluble solids increased linearly throughout maturation. Hesperidin was the major flavanone detected during maturation, with concentrations 200-fold higher in the fruit peel than in the juice. In the peel, narirutin, didymin and neoeriocitrin decreased while hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin increased with maturation. Narirutin synthesis in the orange fruit was insensitive to irrigation strategy. In fruit peels, PRD and DI induced the decline of hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin only in June, whereas in the juice, deficit irrigation treatments induced an increase in hesperidin and didymin. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that deficit irrigation, in particular the conditions imposed with PRD, may cause a significant accumulation shift of total flavonoids from the fruit peel into the juice, with a positive impact on juice quality and nutritional value. Fruit compositional changes during maturation also suggest that late harvest can improve fruit palatability and nutritional quality under the cultural and environmental conditions of this study. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation treatments did not significantly affect yield, soluble solids, or acidity.
- Taxon
- ‘Valencia’ orange fruitt0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yield, juice soluble solids or aciditye0
- Direction
- No significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“No significant effect of irrigation was found on yield, juice soluble solids or acidity.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Juice color was unchanged by irrigation or harvest date.
- Taxon
- ‘Valencia’ orange fruitt0
- Treatment
- irrigation or harvest datee0
- Outcome
- Juice colore0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Juice color was not influenced by irrigation or harvest date, whereas peel color increased during maturation and was more pronounced in CI and PRD fruits.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Peel color increased during maturation, especially in CI and PRD fruit.
Verbatim
e0“Juice color was not influenced by irrigation or harvest date, whereas peel color increased during maturation and was more pronounced in CI and PRD fruits.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Juice acidity reached a peak during maturation.
Verbatim
e0“Juice acidity reached a peak in May, while soluble solids increased linearly throughout maturation.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
soluble solids increased linearly during maturation.
Verbatim
e0“Juice acidity reached a peak in May, while soluble solids increased linearly throughout maturation.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperidin was the major flavanone and was 200-fold more concentrated in peel than juice.
Verbatim
e0“Hesperidin was the major flavanone detected during maturation, with concentrations 200-fold higher in the fruit peel than in the juice.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
narirutin, didymin and neoeriocitrin in peel decreased with maturation.
Verbatim
e0“In the peel, narirutin, didymin and neoeriocitrin decreased while hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin increased with maturation.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin in peel increased with maturation.
Verbatim
e0“In the peel, narirutin, didymin and neoeriocitrin decreased while hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin increased with maturation.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Narirutin synthesis did not change with irrigation strategy.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Narirutin synthesis in the orange fruit was insensitive to irrigation strategy.”
Claim · model-written summary
PRD caused a decline in hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin in fruit peels.
- Taxon
- ‘Valencia’ orange fruitt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit peelse0
- Treatment
- PRDe0
- Outcome
- hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritine0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In fruit peels, PRD and DI induced the decline of hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin only in June, whereas in the juice, deficit irrigation treatments induced an increase in hesperidin and didymin.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
DI caused a decline in hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin in fruit peels.
- Taxon
- ‘Valencia’ orange fruitt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit peelse0
- Treatment
- DIe0
- Outcome
- hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritine0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In fruit peels, PRD and DI induced the decline of hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin only in June, whereas in the juice, deficit irrigation treatments induced an increase in hesperidin and didymin.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
deficit irrigation treatments caused a increase in hesperidin and didymin in juice.
- Taxon
- ‘Valencia’ orange fruitt0
- Organ / stage
- juicee0
- Treatment
- deficit irrigation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- hesperidin and didymine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In fruit peels, PRD and DI induced the decline of hesperidin, nobiletin and tangeritin only in June, whereas in the juice, deficit irrigation treatments induced an increase in hesperidin and didymin.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest deficit irrigation, particularly PRD, shifts flavonoids from peel to juice and improves juice quality.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest that deficit irrigation, in particular the conditions imposed with PRD, may cause a significant accumulation shift of total flavonoids from the fruit peel into the juice, with a positive impact on juice quality and nutritional value.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest late harvest to improve fruit palatability and nutritional quality.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit compositional changes during maturation also suggest that late harvest can improve fruit palatability and nutritional quality under the cultural and environmental conditions of this study.”
t0“‘Valencia’ orange fruit”
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