Abstract
Background and Objective: Anthocyanins have been implicated to offer some protective roles for vegetative and reproductive tissues under abiotic stresses. In this study, the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.) differing in the levels of salinity tolelance and leaf anthocyanin were investigated. Materials and Methods: Two rice cultivars namely Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 (salt-tolerant, deep purple leaf colour) and KKU-LLR-039 (salt-sensitive, greenish purple leaf color) were grown in a hydroponic culture until 21 days old. Thereafter, they were treated with 0, 75 and 150 mM NaCl for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days. Leaf tissues were collected for physiological determination and expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Results: The growth parameters, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (F v /F m ) were progressively reduced while the electrolyte leakage rate increased with increasing NaCl concentrations and the length of time of salinity treatments. For all physiological parameters, the cultivar Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 was less afftected under salt stress. The highest anthocyanin content was attained after 2 and 4 days of salt stress in KKU-LLR-039 and Niewdam Gs. No. 00621, respectively; followed by a reduction in both cultivars until 8 days of salt stress. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the patterns of expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were related with variations in anthocyanin contents. The maximum expression levels of CHS, DFR and ANS compared to those of non-stressed controls were observed after 2 and 4 days of stress for KKU-LLR-039 and Niewdam Gs. No. 00621, respectively, thereafter the expression dramatically reduced after 6-8 days of stress. The anthocyanin content and relative expression of the four genes was higher in the leaves of Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 than in KKU-LLR-039. Conclusion: Higher accumulation of anthocyanins may be one of the protective physiological traits under salt stress.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Under NaCl stress, growth parameters, total chlorophyll and Fv/Fm were progressively reduced in black glutinous rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- growth parameters, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (F v /F m )e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- progressivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“The growth parameters, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (F v /F m ) were progressively reduced while the electrolyte leakage rate increased with increasing NaCl concentrations and the length of time of salinity treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrolyte leakage rate increased with increasing NaCl concentrations and salinity treatment time.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NaCle1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakage ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“The growth parameters, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence ratio (F v /F m ) were progressively reduced while the electrolyte leakage rate increased with increasing NaCl concentrations and the length of time of salinity treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 was less affected than the other cultivar in physiological parameters under salt stress.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- Niewdam Gs. No. 00621e3
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- physiological parameterse3
- Direction
- less afftectede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“For all physiological parameters, the cultivar Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 was less afftected under salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Expression patterns of PAL, CHS, DFR and ANS were related with anthocyanin content variations.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Gene
- Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)e6
- Outcome
- patterns of expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genese6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“the patterns of expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) were related with variations in anthocyanin contents”
Claim · model-written summary
KKU-LLR-039 showed maximum CHS, DFR and ANS expression relative to non-stressed controls after 2 and 4 days of stress.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- KKU-LLR-039e7
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- CHS, DFR and ANSe7
- Outcome
- expression levelse7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Qualifier
- after 2 and 4 days of stresse7
- Comparator
- non-stressed controlse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e7“The maximum expression levels of CHS, DFR and ANS compared to those of non-stressed controls were observed after 2 and 4 days of stress for KKU-LLR-039 and Niewdam Gs. No. 00621, respectively, thereafter the expression dramatically reduced after 6-8 days of stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 showed maximum CHS, DFR and ANS expression relative to non-stressed controls after 2 and 4 days of stress.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- Niewdam Gs. No. 00621e7
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- CHS, DFR and ANSe7
- Outcome
- expression levelse7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Qualifier
- after 2 and 4 days of stresse7
- Comparator
- non-stressed controlse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e7“The maximum expression levels of CHS, DFR and ANS compared to those of non-stressed controls were observed after 2 and 4 days of stress for KKU-LLR-039 and Niewdam Gs. No. 00621, respectively, thereafter the expression dramatically reduced after 6-8 days of stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene expression was dramatically reduced after 6-8 days of salt stress.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- expressione7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Qualifier
- after 6-8 days of stresse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e7“The maximum expression levels of CHS, DFR and ANS compared to those of non-stressed controls were observed after 2 and 4 days of stress for KKU-LLR-039 and Niewdam Gs. No. 00621, respectively, thereafter the expression dramatically reduced after 6-8 days of stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin content and relative expression of the four genes were higher in Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 leaves than in KKU-LLR-039.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- Niewdam Gs. No. 00621e5
- Organ / stage
- leavese5
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- anthocyanin content and relative expressione5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- KKU-LLR-039e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“The anthocyanin content and relative expression of the four genes was higher in the leaves of Niewdam Gs. No. 00621 than in KKU-LLR-039”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher anthocyanin accumulation may be a protective physiological trait under salt stress.
- Taxon
- black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Compound
- anthocyaninse2
- Outcome
- protective physiological traitse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of salt stress on physiological responses including anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in seedlings of two cultivars of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Higher accumulation of anthocyanins may be one of the protective physiological traits under salt stress”
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