Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and oleic acid (18:1) are two important signal molecules associated with plant resistance to fungi. In this article, we provide evidence that a 3% glycerol spray application 1-2 days before powdery mildew infection and subsequent applications once every 4 days was sufficient to stimulate the plant defense responses without causing any significant damage to wheat leaves. We found that G3P and oleic acid levels were markedly induced by powdery mildew infection. In addition, TaGLI1 (encoding a glycerol kinase) and TaSSI2 (encoding a stearoylacyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase), two genes associated with the glycerol and fatty acid (FA) pathways, respectively, were induced by powdery mildew infection, and their promoter regions contain some fungal response elements. Moreover, exogenous application of glycerol increased the G3P level and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1). Glycerol application induced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (TaPR-1, TaPR-2, TaPR-3, TaPR-4, and TaPR-5), induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) before powdery mildew infection, and induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in wheat leaves. Further, we sprayed glycerol in a wheat field and found that it significantly (p value<0.05) reduced the severity of powdery mildew disease and lessened disease-associated kernel weight loss, all without causing any noticeable degradation in wheat seed quality.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
A 3% glycerol spray stimulated wheat defense responses.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- a 3% glycerol spray applicatione0
- Outcome
- plant defense responsese0
- Direction
- stimulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a 3% glycerol spray application 1-2 days before powdery mildew infection and subsequent applications once every 4 days was sufficient to stimulate the plant defense responses”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The glycerol spray caused no significant damage to wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- a 3% glycerol spray applicatione1
- Outcome
- damage to wheat leavese0
- Direction
- without causinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without causing any significant damage to wheat leaves”
e1“a 3% glycerol spray application”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew infection induced G3P and oleic acid levels in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- powdery mildew infectione0
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- G3P and oleic acid levelse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“G3P and oleic acid levels were markedly induced by powdery mildew infection”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Powdery mildew infection induced TaGLI1 and TaSSI2 in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- powdery mildew infectione0
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- TaGLI1 (encoding a glycerol kinase) and TaSSI2 (encoding a stearoylacyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaGLI1 (encoding a glycerol kinase) and TaSSI2 (encoding a stearoylacyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase), two genes associated with the glycerol and fatty acid (FA) pathways, respectively, were induced by powdery mildew infection”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The TaGLI1 and TaSSI2 promoter regions contain fungal response elements.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaGLI1 (encoding a glycerol kinase) and TaSSI2 (encoding a stearoylacyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase)e1
- Outcome
- promoter regions contain some fungal response elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their promoter regions contain some fungal response elements”
e1“TaGLI1 (encoding a glycerol kinase) and TaSSI2 (encoding a stearoylacyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase)”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol application increased wheat G3P level.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of glycerole0
- Outcome
- G3P levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of glycerol increased the G3P level and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1)”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol application decreased wheat oleic acid level.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of glycerole0
- Outcome
- level of oleic acid (18:1)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of glycerol increased the G3P level and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1)”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol induced expression of pathogenesis related genes in wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Glycerol applicatione0
- Gene
- TaPR-1, TaPR-2, TaPR-3, TaPR-4, and TaPR-5e0
- Outcome
- expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glycerol application induced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (TaPR-1, TaPR-2, TaPR-3, TaPR-4, and TaPR-5)”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol induced reactive oxygen species generation before powdery mildew infection.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Glycerol applicatione1
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) before powdery mildew infection”
e1“Glycerol application”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol induced salicylic acid accumulation in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Glycerol applicatione1
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) accumulatione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in wheat leaves”
e1“Glycerol application”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol spraying significantly reduced wheat powdery mildew severity in the field.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- sprayed glycerole0
- Interactor
- powdery mildewe0pathogen
- Outcome
- severity of powdery mildew diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- wheat fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sprayed glycerol in a wheat field and found that it significantly (p value<0.05) reduced the severity of powdery mildew disease”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol spraying lessened disease associated kernel weight loss.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Organ / stage
- kernele0
- Treatment
- sprayed glycerole1
- Outcome
- disease-associated kernel weight losse0
- Direction
- lessenede0
- Setting
- wheat fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lessened disease-associated kernel weight loss”
e1“sprayed glycerol in a wheat field”
t0“Triticum aestivum L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycerol spraying caused no noticeable wheat seed quality degradation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- sprayed glycerole1
- Outcome
- wheat seed qualitye0
- Direction
- without causinge0
- Setting
- wheat fielde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without causing any noticeable degradation in wheat seed quality”
e1“sprayed glycerol in a wheat field”
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See all 43 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.