Abstract
As one of the most important wheat-producing areas in China, wheat is prone to heat stress during the grain filling period in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain (3HP), which lowers yields and degrades the grain quality of wheat. To assess the effects of spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) on the physiological traits in flag leaves and grain yield (GY) and quality under heat stress during the filling period, we conducted a two-year field experiment in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2020–2022. In this study, spraying water combined with heat stress (HT), 0.3% KH2PO4 (KDP), and 0.3% KH2PO4 combined with heat stress (PHT) were designed, and spraying water alone was used as a control (CK). The dates for the spraying were the third and eleventh day after anthesis, and a plastic film shed was used to impose heat stress on the wheat plants during the grain filling period. The results showed that spraying KH2PO4 significantly improved the chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in flag leaves compared with the non-sprayed treatments. Compared with CK, the Pn in HT decreased by 8.97% after heat stress, while Pn in PHT decreased by 7.44% compared to that of KDP. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in flag leaves were significantly reduced when the wheat was subjected to heat stress, while malonaldehyde content increased, and the enzyme activities were significantly enhanced when KH2PO4 was sprayed. Heat stress significantly decreased the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation (DM) after anthesis of wheat to grain (CRAA), whereas spraying KH2PO4 significantly increased the CRAA and harvest index. At maturity, the DM in CK was significantly higher than that in HT, KDP was significantly higher than PHT, and KDP had the highest DM. Compared with CK, the GY in KDP significantly increased by 9.85% over the two years, while the GY in HT decreased by 11.44% compared with that of CK, and the GY in PHT decreased by 6.31% compared to that of KDP. Spraying KH2PO4 after anthesis primarily helped GY by maintaining a high thousand grain weight to lessen the negative effects of heat stress on wheat. Moreover, heat stress significantly reduced protein concentration, wet gluten content, dough development time, and hardness index in grains of mature, while spraying KH2PO4 maintained a sufficient grain quality under the conditions of achieving higher yields. Overall, spraying KH2PO4 after anthesis could enhance the heat stress resistance of wheat and maintain the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves, ensuring the dry matter production and reducing the negative effects on grain yield and quality in the 3HP.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
KH2PO4 spraying significantly increased flag-leaf chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate versus non-sprayed treatments.
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate (Pn)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- non-sprayed treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“spraying KH2PO4 significantly improved the chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in flag leaves compared with the non-sprayed treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced Pn by 8.97% compared with CK.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CK, the Pn in HT decreased by 8.97% after heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Pn in PHT was 7.44% lower than KDP.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Pn in PHT decreased by 7.44% compared to that of KDP”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly reduced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activities.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in flag leaves were significantly reduced when the wheat was subjected to heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress increased flag-leaf malonaldehyde content.
Not reportedTaxonTreatmentComparator
Verbatim
e0“while malonaldehyde content increased”
Claim · model-written summary
KH2PO4 spraying significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the enzyme activities were significantly enhanced when KH2PO4 was sprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly decreased CRAA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Heat stresse0
- Outcome
- contribution rate of dry matter accumulation (DM) after anthesis of wheat to grain (CRAA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat stress significantly decreased the contribution rate of dry matter accumulation (DM) after anthesis of wheat to grain (CRAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
KH2PO4 spraying significantly increased CRAA and harvest index.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“spraying KH2PO4 significantly increased the CRAA and harvest index”
Claim · model-written summary
At maturity, CK dry matter exceeded HT dry matter significantly.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“At maturity, the DM in CK was significantly higher than that in HT”
Claim · model-written summary
At maturity, KDP dry matter exceeded PHT dry matter significantly.
Not reportedTaxonOutcome
Verbatim
e0“KDP was significantly higher than PHT”
Claim · model-written summary
KDP had the highest dry matter at maturity.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“KDP had the highest DM”
Claim · model-written summary
KDP increased grain yield by 9.85% versus CK across two years.
- Treatment
- KDPe0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.85%e0
- Qualifier
- over the two yearse0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared with CK, the GY in KDP significantly increased by 9.85% over the two years”
Claim · model-written summary
HT reduced grain yield by 11.44% versus CK.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the GY in HT decreased by 11.44% compared with that of CK”
Claim · model-written summary
PHT reduced grain yield by 6.31% versus KDP.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“the GY in PHT decreased by 6.31% compared to that of KDP”
Claim · model-written summary
KH2PO4 after anthesis helped grain yield by maintaining thousand grain weight under heat stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spraying KH2PO4 after anthesise0
- Outcome
- GYe0
- Qualifier
- maintaining a high thousand grain weighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying KH2PO4 after anthesis primarily helped GY by maintaining a high thousand grain weight to lessen the negative effects of heat stress on wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly reduced grain protein concentration, wet gluten content, and dough development time.
- Organ / stage
- grains of maturee0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- protein concentration, wet gluten content, dough development timee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“heat stress significantly reduced protein concentration, wet gluten content, dough development time, and hardness index in grains of mature”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress significantly reduced grain hardness index.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“heat stress significantly reduced protein concentration, wet gluten content, dough development time, and hardness index in grains of mature”
Claim · model-written summary
KH2PO4 spraying maintained grain quality while achieving higher yields.
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- grain qualitye0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Qualifier
- under the conditions of achieving higher yieldse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“spraying KH2PO4 maintained a sufficient grain quality under the conditions of achieving higher yields”
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