Abstract
The low-temperature stress (LTS) in spring results in tremendous yield loss in wheat production, and the application of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) can alleviate stress-induced damage. However, the underlying effect of spraying KH2PO4 on the physiological characteristics of wheat flag leaves under spring LTS remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of spraying KH2PO4 on flag leaf physiological traits and yield under spring LTS, including treatments at 15 °C and spraying H2O (CK), treatment at −4 °C and spraying H2O (LT1), and treatment at −4 °C and spraying KH2PO4 (LT2). The results showed that spraying KH2PO4 significantly increased the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), the peroxidase (POD), and the catalase (CAT), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the flag leaves. Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT). Spraying KH2PO4 appreciably alleviated damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integrity, and increased the accumulation of proline and soluble protein, the chlorophyll content, and the activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaves of the YN19 and XM26 via LT2 increased by 37.9% and 35.9%, respectively, at 0–12 DALTT, compared to LT1. Moreover, spraying KH2PO4 reduced the yield loss rate of the YN19 and XM26 by 13.06% and 16.72%, respectively. The present study demonstrates that spraying KH2PO4 can enhance wheat resistance to spring LTS and maintain the photosynthetic capacity of flag leaves, alleviating the negative effects of LTS on grain yield.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
YN19 flag leaf SOD changed by 5.5% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- YN19e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.5%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
YN19 flag leaf POD changed by 10.9% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN19e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
YN19 flag leaf CAT changed by 3.9% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN19e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.9%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
YN19 flag leaf MDA content changed by 10.5% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN19e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10.5%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
XM26 flag leaf SOD changed by 5.4% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM26e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.4%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
XM26 flag leaf POD changed by 9.2% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM26e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.2%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
XM26 flag leaf CAT changed by 4.4% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM26e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.4%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
XM26 flag leaf MDA content changed by 9.1% after phosphate spraying under cold stress.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM26e0
- Organ / stage
- flag leavese0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 9.1%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to LT1, the SOD, POD, and CAT activities in the flag leaves of the Yangnong19 (YN19) and Xinmai26 (XM26) via LT2 increased by 5.5%, 10.9%, and 3.9%, and 5.4%, 9.2%, and 4.4%, respectively, and the MDA content of the YN19 and XM26 decreased by 10.5% and 9.1%, respectively, at 0–12 d after low temperature treatment (DALTT).”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate spraying alleviated damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integrity under low temperature.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integritye0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying KH2PO4 appreciably alleviated damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integrity, and increased the accumulation of proline and soluble protein, the chlorophyll content, and the activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate spraying increased accumulation of proline and soluble protein under low temperature.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of proline and soluble proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying KH2PO4 appreciably alleviated damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integrity, and increased the accumulation of proline and soluble protein, the chlorophyll content, and the activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate spraying increased chlorophyll content under low temperature.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying KH2PO4 appreciably alleviated damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integrity, and increased the accumulation of proline and soluble protein, the chlorophyll content, and the activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate spraying increased activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase under low temperature.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying KH2PO4 appreciably alleviated damage to the leaf cell morphology and tissue integrity, and increased the accumulation of proline and soluble protein, the chlorophyll content, and the activities of Ribulose–1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
YN19 flag leaf net photosynthetic rate increased by 37.9% under LT2 relative to LT1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN19e0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.9%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaves of the YN19 and XM26 via LT2 increased by 37.9% and 35.9%, respectively, at 0–12 DALTT, compared to LT1.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
XM26 flag leaf net photosynthetic rate increased by 35.9% under LT2 relative to LT1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM26e0
- Treatment
- LT2e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.9%e0
- Comparator
- LT1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaves of the YN19 and XM26 via LT2 increased by 37.9% and 35.9%, respectively, at 0–12 DALTT, compared to LT1.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate spraying reduced YN19 yield loss rate by 13.06%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- YN19e0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- yield loss ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 13.06%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, spraying KH2PO4 reduced the yield loss rate of the YN19 and XM26 by 13.06% and 16.72%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphate spraying reduced XM26 yield loss rate by 16.72%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- XM26e0
- Treatment
- spraying KH2PO4e0
- Outcome
- yield loss ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 16.72%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, spraying KH2PO4 reduced the yield loss rate of the YN19 and XM26 by 13.06% and 16.72%, respectively.”
t0“Wheat Flag Leaves”
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