Abstract
Although application of Zn combined with macronutrients (K, P, and N) can be used to fortify wheat grain with Zn, little is known about their interactions when foliar application is employed or the influences of common soil fertility management practices (e.g. N and straw management) on their efficiency. Therefore, the effects of foliar-applied Zn and N, P, or K on grain nutritional quality (especially Zn) were investigated in wheat grown under different soil N rates at two sites with (Sanyuan) or without (Yangling) employing straw return. A 4-year-long field experiment was also conducted to evaluate the environmental stability of the foliar formulations. Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively. In terms of increasing grain Zn concentration, foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan) and K (at Yangling), but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested, suggesting depressive effects of foliarly-applied P on physiological availability of Zn. Although these interaction effects were the major factor that governing the efficiency of foliar-applied Zn combined with N, P, or K on grain Zn concentration, the magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn (-3.96~5.71 mg kg-1) due to these interactions was much less than the average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment. The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations. Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment. These effects were consistent over four years and across three soil N rates. Overall, combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K can successfully fortify wheat grain with Zn (above 40 mg kg-1), and including Zn in foliar N or K application are preferred for practically increasing dietary Zn intake.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn alone increased grain Zn concentration by 95.7% across six site-years.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- foliar Zn application alonee0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 95.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn with N increased grain Zn concentration by 101%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar Zn application alone or combined with Ne0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 101%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Across 6 site-years, foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn with P increased grain Zn concentration by 67.9%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, Pe0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 67.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn with K increased grain Zn concentration by 121%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 121%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar Zn application alone or combined with N, P, or K fertilizers resulted in 95.7%, 101%, 67.9% and 121% increases in grain Zn concentration, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn interacted positively with N for increasing grain Zn at Sanyuan.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar-applied Zne0
- Compound
- Ne0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Setting
- Sanyuane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan) and K (at Yangling), but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested”
e1“increasing grain Zn concentration”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn interacted positively with K for increasing grain Zn at Yangling.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar-applied Zne0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Setting
- Yanglinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan) and K (at Yangling), but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested”
e1“increasing grain Zn concentration”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn interacted negatively with P for increasing grain Zn under all tested conditions.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar-applied Zne0
- Compound
- Pe0
- Outcome
- grain Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- negativelye0
- Qualifier
- any condition testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar-applied Zn positively interacted with N (at Sanyuan) and K (at Yangling), but negatively interacted with P at any condition tested”
e1“increasing grain Zn concentration”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Interaction effects on grain Zn were much smaller than the average treatment increases.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zne0
- Direction
- much lesse0
- Value
- -3.96~5.71 mg kg-1e0
- Comparator
- foliar Zn-only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn (-3.96~5.71 mg kg-1) due to these interactions was much less than the average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus K increased grain Zn by an average 31.3 relative to foliar Zn alone.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Ke0
- Outcome
- grain Zne1
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 31.3e0
- Comparator
- foliar Zn-only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment”
e1“magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus P increased grain Zn by an average 18.7 relative to foliar Zn alone.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Pe0
- Outcome
- grain Zne1
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 18.7e0
- Comparator
- foliar Zn-only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment”
e1“magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus N increased grain Zn by an average 26.5 mg kg-1 relative to foliar Zn alone.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Ne0
- Outcome
- grain Zne1
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 26.5 mg kg-1e0
- Comparator
- foliar Zn-only treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“average increases following Zn+K (31.3), Zn+P (18.7), and Zn+N (26.5 mg kg-1) treatments relative to that observed in foliar Zn-only treatment”
e1“magnitude of the increase/decrease in grain Zn”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining foliar Zn with N, P or K did not adversely affect grain yield and other nutritional quality.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or Ke0
- Outcome
- grain yield and other nutritional qualitye0
- Direction
- did not cause any adverse impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar nutrient applications slightly increased grain yield in some cases.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or Ke0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- slightly increasede0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar nutrient applications slightly increased grain macronutrient concentrations in some cases.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or Ke0
- Outcome
- macronutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- slightly increasede0
- Qualifier
- in some casese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined foliar application of Zn with N, P, or K did not cause any adverse impact on grain yield and other nutritional quality and in some cases slightly increased grain yield and macronutrient concentrations”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn lowered grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios by 52.0% versus control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar Zne0
- Outcome
- Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratiose0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 52.0%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus N lowered grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios by 53.1% versus control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Ne0
- Outcome
- Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratiose0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 53.1%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus P lowered grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios by 43.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Pe0
- Outcome
- Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratiose0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 43.4%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn plus K lowered grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios by 63.5% versus control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Ke0
- Outcome
- Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratiose0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 63.5%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain phytic acid:Zn molar ratios were respectively 52.0%, 53.1%, 43.4% and 63.5% lower in the foliar Zn, Zn+N, Zn+P and Zn+K treatments than in the control treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
These treatment effects were consistent across four years and three soil N rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- effects were consistente0
- Qualifier
- four years and across three soil N ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These effects were consistent over four years and across three soil N rates”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors prefer including Zn in foliar N or K applications for dietary Zn intake.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- including Zn in foliar N or K applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“including Zn in foliar N or K application are preferred for practically increasing dietary Zn intake”
t0“winter wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.