Abstract
Abstract Winter injury of small grains often results in severe yield reductions. This study was conducted to determine how planting date and fall fertilization interact to affect winter survival and performance of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). In 1975 ‘Arrow’ wheat was planted in central New York on eight dates ranging from 21 August to 24 October. In 1976 five plantings were made from 31 August to 14 October. In both years 75 kg/ha of K was disked in and then four fertility treatments were band applied at each planting date. These were 0 N and 0 P, 0 N and 20 kg/ha P, 22 kg/ha N and 0 P, and 22 kg/ha N and 20 kg/ha P. At harvest measurements were taken for grain yield, plant height, grain moisture, test weight, and components of grain yield. Wheat planted in mid to late September had greater winter survival and produced significantly more grain with a higher test weight than did later planted wheat. The effects of earlier planting varied between years because of different weather conditions. Grain moisture content increased with planting delay. Planting after the optimum time decreased the number of spikes per square meter both years. This component was closely related to yield and was an indication of the degree of winterkilling. Planting date had variable effects on the number of kernels per spike and kernel weight. Phosphorus alone or with N significantly increased wheat yields and winter survival. This effect was reflected in an increased number of spikes per unit area and increased kernel weight. Nitrogen alone had little effect on yields when compared to unfertilized wheat; and when N was applied with P the results were similar to those from P alone. Test weight generally increased with P but not with N. Phosphorus also hastened grain maturation, while N had no beneficial effect. Nitrogen also did not increase any yield component. As planting date was delayed, the value of P for increasing winter survival, grain yields, and grain maturation became increasingly important, resulting in significant planting date ✕ fertilization interactions for these characteristics.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Mid-to-late September planting improved winter survival, yield and test weight compared with later planting.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- mid to late Septembere1
- Outcome
- winter survivale1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- later planted wheate1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Wheat planted in mid to late September had greater winter survival and produced significantly more grain with a higher test weight than did later planted wheat.”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier planting effects differed between years with weather.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- earlier plantinge1
- Outcome
- effects of earlier plantinge1
- Qualifier
- different weather conditionse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The effects of earlier planting varied between years because of different weather conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain moisture rose with planting delay.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- planting delaye1
- Outcome
- Grain moisture contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Grain moisture content increased with planting delay.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting past optimum reduced spike number in both years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Planting after the optimum timee1
- Outcome
- number of spikes per square metere1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- optimum timee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Planting after the optimum time decreased the number of spikes per square meter both years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike number was closely related to yield and winterkill.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- winterkillinge1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Qualifier
- degree of winterkillinge1
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“This component was closely related to yield and was an indication of the degree of winterkilling.”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting date affected kernels per spike and kernel weight variably.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Planting datee1
- Outcome
- number of kernels per spike and kernel weighte1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Planting date had variable effects on the number of kernels per spike and kernel weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus alone or with nitrogen significantly increased yield and winter survival.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Phosphorus alone or with Ne1
- Outcome
- wheat yields and winter survivale1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Phosphorus alone or with N significantly increased wheat yields and winter survival.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus increased spikes per area and kernel weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Phosphoruse2
- Outcome
- number of spikes per unit area and increased kernel weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“This effect was reflected in an increased number of spikes per unit area and increased kernel weight.”
e2“Phosphorus alone or with N significantly increased wheat yields and winter survival.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen alone had little yield effect versus unfertilized wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen alonee1
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Comparator
- unfertilized wheate1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Nitrogen alone had little effect on yields when compared to unfertilized wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding nitrogen to phosphorus gave results similar to phosphorus alone.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N was applied with Pe1
- Outcome
- results were similare1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- P alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“when N was applied with P the results were similar to those from P alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus generally increased test weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe1
- Outcome
- Test weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Test weight generally increased with P but not with N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen did not increase test weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ne1
- Outcome
- Test weighte1
- Direction
- note1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Test weight generally increased with P but not with N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus hastened grain maturation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Phosphoruse1
- Outcome
- grain maturatione1
- Direction
- hastenede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Phosphorus also hastened grain maturation, while N had no beneficial effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen had no beneficial grain maturation effect.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Ne1
- Outcome
- grain maturatione1
- Direction
- no beneficial effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Phosphorus also hastened grain maturation, while N had no beneficial effect.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen did not increase any yield component.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Nitrogene1
- Outcome
- yield componente1
- Direction
- did not increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Nitrogen also did not increase any yield component.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus benefits for winter survival, yield and grain maturation grew with planting delay.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Pe1
- Outcome
- winter survival, grain yields, and grain maturatione1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“As planting date was delayed, the value of P for increasing winter survival, grain yields, and grain maturation became increasingly important, resulting in significant planting date ✕ fertilization interactions for these characteristics.”
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