Abstract
BACKGROUND: High post-anthesis (p.a) temperatures reduce mature grain weights in wheat and other cereals. However, the causes of this reduction are not entirely known. Control of grain expansion by the maternally derived pericarp of the grain has previously been suggested, although this interaction has not been investigated under high p.a. temperatures. Down-regulation of pericarp localised genes that regulate cell wall expansion under high p.a. temperatures may limit expansion of the encapsulated endosperm due to a loss of plasticity in the pericarp, reducing mature grain weight. Here the effect of high p.a. temperatures on the transcriptome of the pericarp and endosperm of the wheat grain during early grain-filling was investigated via RNA-Seq and is discussed alongside grain moisture dynamics during early grain development and mature grain weight. RESULTS: High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain's ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards. Mature grain weight was also significantly reduced by the same high p.a. temperatures applied from 6daa for 4-days or more, in a separate experiment. Comparison of our RNA-Seq data from whole grains, with existing data sets from isolated pericarp and endosperm tissues enabled the identification of subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperature and predominantly expressed in either tissue. Hierarchical clustering and gene ontology analysis resulted in the identification of a number of genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansion, predominantly expressed in the pericarp and significantly down-regulated under high p.a. temperatures, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a β-expansin. An over-representation of genes involved in the 'cuticle development' functional pathway that were expressed in the pericarp and affected by high p.a. temperatures was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: High p.a. temperature induced down-regulation of genes involved in regulating pericarp cell wall expansion. This concomitant down-regulation with a reduction in total grain moisture content and grain weight following the same treatment period, adds support to the theory that high p.a. temperatures may cause a reduction in mature grain weight as result of decreased pericarp cell wall expansion.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
High post-anthesis temperature reduced total grain moisture from 14 days after anthesis onward.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- graine0
- Treatment
- High p.a. temperaturese0
- Outcome
- total grain moisturee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- from 14daa onwardse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain's ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High post-anthesis temperature reduced percentage grain moisture content from 14 days after anthesis onward.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- High p.a. temperaturese0
- Outcome
- percentage grain moisture contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- from 14daa onwardse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High p.a. temperatures applied from 6-days after anthesis (daa) and until 18daa reduced the grain's ability to accumulate water, with total grain moisture and percentage grain moisture content being significantly reduced from 14daa onwards.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High post-anthesis temperature applied for at least four days from 6daa reduced mature grain weight.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high p.a. temperaturese0
- Outcome
- Mature grain weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- from 6daa for 4-days or moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mature grain weight was also significantly reduced by the same high p.a. temperatures applied from 6daa for 4-days or more, in a separate experiment.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Comparison of RNA-Seq data identified tissue predominant wheat genes whose expression was significantly affected by high post-anthesis temperature.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enabled the identification of subsets of genes whose expression was significantly affected by high p.a. temperature and predominantly expressed in either tissue.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp predominant cell wall expansion genes, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and β-expansin, were down-regulated by high temperature.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Treatment
- high p.a. temperaturese0
- Gene
- endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a β-expansine0
- Outcome
- genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansione0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genes implicated in the regulation of cell wall expansion, predominantly expressed in the pericarp and significantly down-regulated under high p.a. temperatures, including endoglucanase, xyloglucan endotransglycosylases and a β-expansin.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericarp expressed genes involved in cuticle development were over-represented among genes affected by high post-anthesis temperature.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- over-representation of genes involved in the 'cuticle development' functional pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“An over-representation of genes involved in the 'cuticle development' functional pathway that were expressed in the pericarp and affected by high p.a. temperatures was also observed.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret coincident gene down-regulation, reduced grain moisture, and reduced grain weight as support for decreased pericarp cell wall expansion causing lower mature grain weight.
- Taxon
- bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high p.a. temperaturese0
- Outcome
- reduction in mature grain weighte0
- Qualifier
- decreased pericarp cell wall expansione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adds support to the theory that high p.a. temperatures may cause a reduction in mature grain weight as result of decreased pericarp cell wall expansion.”
t0“bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
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