Abstract
Background and aims: Short periods of extreme temperature may affect wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight, but also quality. Temporal sensitivity to extreme temperature during seed development and maturation was investigated. Methods: Plants of 'Tybalt' grown at ambient temperature were moved to growth cabinets at 29/20°C or 34/20°C (2010), or 15/10°C or 34/20°C (2011), for successive 7-d periods from 7 DAA (days after anthesis) onwards, and also 7-65 DAA in 2011. Seed samples were harvested serially and moisture content, weight, ability to germinate, subsequent longevity in air-dry storage and bread-making quality were determined. Key Results: High temperature (34/20°C) reduced final seed weight, with greatest temporal sensitivity at 7-14 or 14-21 DAA. Several aspects of bread-making quality were also most sensitive to high temperature then, but whereas protein quality decreased protein and sulphur concentrations improved. Early exposure to high temperature provided earlier development of ability to germinate and tolerate desiccation, but had little effect on maximum germination capacity. All treatments at 15/10°C resulted in ability to germinate declining between 58 and 65 DAA. Early exposure to high temperature hastened improvement in seed storage longevity, but the subsequent decline in late maturation preceded that in the control. Long (7-65 DAA) exposure to 15/10°C disrupted the development of seed longevity, with no improvement after seed filling ended. Longevity improved during maturation drying in other treatments. Early (7-14 DAA) exposure to high temperature reduced and low temperature increased subsequent longevity at harvest maturity, whereas late (35 or 42-49 DAA) exposure to high temperature increased and low temperature reduced it. Conclusions: Temporal sensitivity to extreme temperature was detected. It varied considerably amongst the contrasting seed variables investigated. Subsequent seed longevity at harvest maturity responded negatively to temperature early in development, but positively later in development and throughout maturation.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced final wheat seed weight, most strongly after exposure at 7–14 or 14–21 DAA.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Triticum aestivume2 - Treatment
- High temperature (34/20°C)e0
- Outcome
- final seed weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 7-14 or 14-21 DAAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature (34/20°C) reduced final seed weight, with greatest temporal sensitivity at 7-14 or 14-21 DAA.”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Several aspects of wheat bread-making quality were most sensitive to early high temperature.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- bread-making qualitye0
- Qualifier
- thene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several aspects of bread-making quality were also most sensitive to high temperature then”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature decreased wheat protein quality.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- protein qualitye0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein quality decreased”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
e1“Several aspects of bread-making quality were also most sensitive to high temperature then, but whereas protein quality decreased protein and sulphur concentrations improved”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature improved wheat seed protein and sulphur concentrations.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- protein and sulphur concentrationse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“protein and sulphur concentrations improved”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
e1“Several aspects of bread-making quality were also most sensitive to high temperature then, but whereas protein quality decreased protein and sulphur concentrations improved”
Claim · model-written summary
Early high-temperature exposure advanced the development of wheat seed germination ability and desiccation tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Early exposure to high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- ability to germinate and tolerate desiccatione0
- Direction
- earliere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early exposure to high temperature provided earlier development of ability to germinate and tolerate desiccation”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Early high-temperature exposure had little effect on maximum wheat seed germination capacity.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Early exposure to high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- maximum germination capacitye0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but had little effect on maximum germination capacity”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
e1“Early exposure to high temperature provided earlier development of ability to germinate and tolerate desiccation, but had little effect on maximum germination capacity”
Claim · model-written summary
All 15/10°C treatments were followed by declining wheat germination ability between 58 and 65 DAA.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- 15/10°Ce0
- Outcome
- ability to germinatee0
- Direction
- declininge0
- Qualifier
- between 58 and 65 DAAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments at 15/10°C resulted in ability to germinate declining between 58 and 65 DAA.”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Early high-temperature exposure accelerated the improvement of wheat seed storage longevity.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Early exposure to high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- seed storage longevitye0
- Direction
- hastened improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early exposure to high temperature hastened improvement in seed storage longevity”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
After early high-temperature exposure, late-maturation decline in wheat seed longevity preceded that of the control.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Early exposure to high temperaturee1
- Outcome
- decline in late maturatione0
- Direction
- precedede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the subsequent decline in late maturation preceded that in the control”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
e1“Early exposure to high temperature hastened improvement in seed storage longevity, but the subsequent decline in late maturation preceded that in the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Long exposure to 15/10°C disrupted wheat seed longevity development, with no improvement after seed filling.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Long (7-65 DAA) exposure to 15/10°Ce0
- Outcome
- development of seed longevitye0
- Direction
- disruptede0
- Qualifier
- no improvement after seed filling endede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Long (7-65 DAA) exposure to 15/10°C disrupted the development of seed longevity, with no improvement after seed filling ended.”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat seed longevity improved during maturation drying under the other treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Organ / stage
- maturation dryinge0
- Outcome
- Longevitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Longevity improved during maturation drying in other treatments.”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Early high-temperature exposure reduced wheat seed longevity at harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Early (7-14 DAA) exposure to high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- subsequent longevity at harvest maturitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early (7-14 DAA) exposure to high temperature reduced and low temperature increased subsequent longevity at harvest maturity”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Early low-temperature exposure increased wheat seed longevity at harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- subsequent longevity at harvest maturitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Early (7-14 DAA)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early (7-14 DAA) exposure to high temperature reduced and low temperature increased subsequent longevity at harvest maturity”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Late high-temperature exposure increased wheat seed longevity at harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- late (35 or 42-49 DAA) exposure to high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- longevity at harvest maturitye1
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late (35 or 42-49 DAA) exposure to high temperature increased and low temperature reduced it”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
e1“subsequent longevity at harvest maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Late low-temperature exposure reduced wheat seed longevity at harvest maturity.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum)Triticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- longevity at harvest maturitye1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- late (35 or 42-49 DAA)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“late (35 or 42-49 DAA) exposure to high temperature increased and low temperature reduced it”
e2“wheat (Triticum aestivum) seed weight”
e1“subsequent longevity at harvest maturity”
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