Abstract
A long-term soil fertility experiment under rice-rice-wheat system was performed to evaluate the long term effects of inorganic fertilizer and manure applications on soil properties and grain yield of wheat. The experiment began since 1978 was laid out in randomized complete block design with 9 treatments replicated 3 times. From 1990 onwards, periodic modifications have been made in all the treatments splitting the plots in two equal halves of 4 x 3 m2 leaving one half as original. In the original treatments, recent data revealed that the use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @10 t ha-1 gave significantly (P≤0.05) higher yield of 2.3 t ha-1 in wheat, whereas control plot gave the lowest grain yield of 277 kg ha-1. Similarly, in the modified treatments, the use of FYM @10 t ha-1 along with inorganic Nitrogen (N) and Potassium oxide (K2O) @ 50 kg ha-1 produced significantly (P≤0.05) the highest yield of 2.4 t/ha in wheat. The control plot with an indigenous nutrient supply only produced wheat yield of 277 kg ha-1 after 35th year completion of rice-rice-wheat system. A sharp decline in wheat yields was noted in minus N, phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) treatments during recent years. Yields were consistently higher in the N:P2O5:K2O and FYM treatments than in treatments, where one or more nutrients were lacking. The application of P2O5 and K2O caused a partial recovery of yield in P and K deficient plots. There was significant (P≤0.05) effect of use of chemical fertilizers and manure on soil properties. The soil analysis data showed an improvement in soil pH (7.8), soil organic matter (4.1%), total N content (0.16%), available P (503.5 kg P2O5 ha-1) and exchangeable K (137.5 kg K2O ha-1) in FYM applied treatments over all other treatments. The findings showed that the productivity of the wheat can be increased and sustained by improving nutrient through the integrated use of organic and inorganic manures in long term.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.1 2015 pp.21-28
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Farm yard manure at 10 t ha-1 gave significantly higher wheat yield, 2.3 t ha-1, in the original treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @10 t ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.3 t ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) @10 t ha-1 gave significantly (P≤0.05) higher yield of 2.3 t ha-1 in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The control plot gave the lowest wheat grain yield, 277 kg ha-1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- control plote0
- Outcome
- lowest grain yielde0
- Value
- 277 kg ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield Trend”
e0“control plot gave the lowest grain yield of 277 kg ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
In the modified treatments, FYM at 10 t ha-1 with inorganic N and K2O at 50 kg ha-1 produced the significantly highest wheat yield, 2.4 t/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- FYM @10 t ha-1 along with inorganic Nitrogen (N) and Potassium oxide (K2O) @ 50 kg ha-1e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.4 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of FYM @10 t ha-1 along with inorganic Nitrogen (N) and Potassium oxide (K2O) @ 50 kg ha-1 produced significantly (P≤0.05) the highest yield of 2.4 t/ha in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A sharp decline in wheat yields occurred in treatments lacking N, P or K during recent years.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- minus N, phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) treatmentse0
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A sharp decline in wheat yields was noted in minus N, phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) treatments during recent years”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yields were consistently higher in the N:P2O5:K2O and FYM treatments than in treatments lacking one or more nutrients.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N:P2O5:K2O and FYM treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- treatments, where one or more nutrients were lackinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield Trend”
e0“Yields were consistently higher in the N:P2O5:K2O and FYM treatments than in treatments, where one or more nutrients were lacking”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying P2O5 and K2O partially recovered wheat yield in P and K deficient plots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of P2O5 and K2Oe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- partial recoverye0
- Comparator
- P and K deficient plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat Yield Trend”
e0“The application of P2O5 and K2O caused a partial recovery of yield in P and K deficient plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical fertilizers and manure had a significant effect on soil properties.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“There was significant (P≤0.05) effect of use of chemical fertilizers and manure on soil properties”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH was improved to 7.8 in FYM applied treatments compared with all other treatments.
- Treatment
- FYM applied treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil pHe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Value
- 7.8e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“an improvement in soil pH (7.8)”
e1“FYM applied treatments over all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic matter was 4.1% in FYM applied treatments, higher than in all other treatments.
- Treatment
- FYM applied treatmentse1
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 4.1%e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“soil organic matter (4.1%)”
e1“FYM applied treatments over all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soil N content was 0.16% in FYM applied treatments, higher than in all other treatments.
- Treatment
- FYM applied treatmentse1
- Outcome
- total N contente0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.16%e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“total N content (0.16%)”
e1“FYM applied treatments over all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Available soil P was 503.5 kg P2O5 ha-1 in FYM applied treatments, higher than in all other treatments.
- Treatment
- FYM applied treatmentse1
- Outcome
- available Pe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 503.5 kg P2O5 ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“available P (503.5 kg P2O5 ha-1)”
e1“FYM applied treatments over all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Exchangeable soil K was 137.5 kg K2O ha-1 in FYM applied treatments, higher than in all other treatments.
- Treatment
- FYM applied treatmentse1
- Outcome
- exchangeable Ke0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 137.5 kg K2O ha-1e0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“exchangeable K (137.5 kg K2O ha-1)”
e1“FYM applied treatments over all other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that wheat productivity can be increased and sustained in the long term by integrated use of organic and inorganic manures.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- productivitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the productivity of the wheat can be increased and sustained by improving nutrient through the integrated use of organic and inorganic manures in long term”
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