Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts that form a mutualistic relationship with approximately 80% of terrestrial plant species. These obligate symbionts have a generally beneficial effect on their host such as increased nutrient acquisition, better tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and the improvement of soil qualities. Due to the recent, widespread use of seed applied fungicides on row crops in the U.S. Midwest, there are concerns that the fungicides will inhibit these beneficial mycorrhizae. This study was conducted to evaluate what effect different commonly used seed applied fungicides have on AMF in the presence of different varieties of corn, soybean, and oat hosts grown in eastern South Dakota.Preliminary experiments were performed to determine local crop varieties that were most responsive to forming relationships with AMF using soybean (Glycine max L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.); corn (Zea mays L.) was later added to the study. The most responsive oat and soybean varieties, plus the corn varieties, were treated with either one of three different fungicides (Raxil MD, Stamina F3 Cereals, or Evergol Energy for oat; CruiserMaxx Advanced, Evergol Energy SB, or Vibrance for soybean; Cruiser Extreme, Stamina, or Trilex for corn) or were left untreated (control). The plants were grown in a five part soil mixture for five weeks in a greenhouse; 10% of the mixture was a multispecies mycorrhizal inoculum consisting of cultures isolated from agricultural soils. Roots were cleared, stained, and evaluated for the extent of mycorrhizal root colonization. Plant biomass, height, growth stage, and tissue analysis were measured to evaluate differences between both crop varieties and seed treatments.In oat varieties, there was no effect of fungicide on arbuscular colonization rate or on phosphorus concentration of the host relative to the control. The use of Raxil MD was found to result in a significantly lower (p≤0.05) arbuscular colonization rate compared to the use of Evergol Energy. Total colonization was also significantly different (p≤0.001) between the two oat varieties.In soybean varieties, arbuscular colonization and phosphorus concentration remained unaffected by fungicide use. However, an interaction was observed between fungicide and variety for phosphorus and zinc concentration. With Davison soybean, both CruiserMaxx Advanced and Evergol Energy SB significantly increased (p≤0.05) P concentration relative to the control. With ‘Codington’, Zn concentration was significantly lower (p≤0.05) with the use of CruiserMaxx Advanced.In corn, fungicides did not affect colonization or phosphorus concentration levels relative to the control. Cruiser Extreme was found to have a significantly lower (p≤0.05) arbuscular colonization rate and biomass relative to the use of Stamina and Trilex fungicides. Corn variety 60-01N had significantly lower arbuscular and total colonization rates (p≤0.05; p≤0.01) compared to the two other corn varieties.Of the varieties and fungicides tested, there was largely no effect of fungicides on arbuscular colonization or host phosphorus status relative to the untreated control plants; some differences between the fungicides were observed that were variety specific for soybean. The findings suggest that seed applied fungicides on locally grown oat, soybean, and corn varieties have a minimal, if any, effect on arbuscular colonization and host phosphorus status that is largely influenced by host genotype.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-applied fungicides had no effect on arbuscular colonization rate or host phosphorus concentration in oat varieties relative to the control.
- Taxon
- oat
Avena sativae1 - Treatment
- fungicidee1
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular colonization rate or on phosphorus concentratione1
- Direction
- no effecte1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In oat varieties, there was no effect of fungicide on arbuscular colonization rate or on phosphorus concentration of the host relative to the control”
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts”
Claim · model-written summary
In oat, Raxil MD gave a significantly lower arbuscular colonization rate than Evergol Energy.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Treatment
- Raxil MDe2
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular colonization ratee2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Qualifier
- p≤0.05e2
- Comparator
- Evergol Energye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In oat varieties”
e2“The use of Raxil MD was found to result in a significantly lower (p≤0.05) arbuscular colonization rate compared to the use of Evergol Energy”
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts”
Claim · model-written summary
Total colonization differed significantly between the two oat varieties.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae1
- Material
- oat varietiese3
- Outcome
- Total colonizatione3
- Qualifier
- p≤0.001e3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In oat varieties”
e3“Total colonization was also significantly different (p≤0.001) between the two oat varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
In soybean varieties, fungicide use left arbuscular colonization and phosphorus concentration unaffected.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe4 - Treatment
- fungicide usee4
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular colonization and phosphorus concentratione4
- Direction
- unaffectede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In soybean varieties, arbuscular colonization and phosphorus concentration remained unaffected by fungicide use”
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts”
Claim · model-written summary
An interaction between fungicide and soybean variety was observed for phosphorus and zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- fungicidee5
- Outcome
- phosphorus and zinc concentratione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In soybean varieties”
e5“an interaction was observed between fungicide and variety for phosphorus and zinc concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
In Davison soybean, CruiserMaxx Advanced and Evergol Energy SB significantly increased phosphorus concentration relative to the control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Material
- Davisone6
- Treatment
- CruiserMaxx Advanced and Evergol Energy SBe6
- Outcome
- P concentratione6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- p≤0.05e6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In soybean varieties”
e6“With Davison soybean, both CruiserMaxx Advanced and Evergol Energy SB significantly increased (p≤0.05) P concentration relative to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
In Codington soybean, CruiserMaxx Advanced significantly lowered zinc concentration.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Material
- Codingtone7
- Treatment
- CruiserMaxx Advancede7
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Qualifier
- p≤0.05e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In soybean varieties”
e7“With ‘Codington’, Zn concentration was significantly lower (p≤0.05) with the use of CruiserMaxx Advanced”
Claim · model-written summary
In corn, fungicides did not affect colonization or phosphorus concentration levels relative to the control.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse7 - Treatment
- fungicidese7
- Outcome
- colonization or phosphorus concentration levelse7
- Direction
- did not affecte7
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In corn, fungicides did not affect colonization or phosphorus concentration levels relative to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cruiser Extreme gave a significantly lower arbuscular colonization rate and biomass in corn than Stamina and Trilex fungicides.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Treatment
- Cruiser Extremee6
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular colonization rate and biomasse6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- p≤0.05e6
- Comparator
- Stamina and Trilex fungicidese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In corn”
e6“Cruiser Extreme was found to have a significantly lower (p≤0.05) arbuscular colonization rate and biomass relative to the use of Stamina and Trilex fungicides”
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn variety 60-01N had significantly lower arbuscular and total colonization rates than the two other corn varieties.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Material
- 60-01Ne6
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular and total colonization ratese6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Qualifier
- p≤0.05; p≤0.01e6
- Comparator
- the two other corn varietiese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In corn”
e6“Corn variety 60-01N had significantly lower arbuscular and total colonization rates (p≤0.05; p≤0.01) compared to the two other corn varieties”
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of seed-applied fungicides on arbuscular colonization and host phosphorus status was minimal and largely influenced by host genotype.
- Taxon
- oat, soybean, and cornGlycine maxAvena sativaZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- host genotypee5
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- arbuscular colonization and host phosphorus statuse5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cultivars of oat, soybean, and corn”
e5“effect on arbuscular colonization and host phosphorus status that is largely influenced by host genotype”
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts”
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See all 54 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.