Abstract
Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants enhance silage fermentation by rapid production of lactic acid, which decreases the pH and reduces DM and nutrient losses. Data from 120 peer-reviewed papers were summarized to evaluate the effects of inoculation with HAB on silage fermentation profile. The effects were analyzed by comparing raw mean differences between inoculant and control treatment means that had been weighted by inverse variance using random models. Heterogeneity sources evaluated by meta-regression included crop species, application rate (<104, 105 to 106 or >107 cfu/g, representing 3.7, 93.6 and 2.7% of studies, respectively), HAB species, and silo type (laboratory or farm-scale) as covariates. Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17). Inoculation increased lactate (0.97% DM; P < 0.01, n = 249) and reduced butyrate (−0.05% DM; P < 0.01, n = 56) but did not affect propionate (P = 0.61, n = 109). Inoculation did not affect acetate in alfalfa silages (P = 0.15, n = 9) but reduced acetate in corn/sorghum (−0.10% DM; P < 0.01, n = 57), temperate grasses (−0.30% DM; P < 0.01, n = 71), tropical grasses (−0.16% DM; P = 0.03, n = 19), sugarcane (−0.34% DM; P < 0.01, n = 26), other legumes (−0.47% DM; P < 0.01, n = 24), and other crops (−0.11% DM; P < 0.01, n = 12). Inoculation did not affect NH3–N (% total nitrogen) concentration in corn/sorghum (P = 0.63, n = 22) or sugarcane (P = 0.33, n = 5) but reduced it (P < 0.01) in temperate grasses (−2.17% N; n = 49), tropical grasses (−1.78% N; n = 9), alfalfa (−1.47% N; n = 6), other legumes (−1.77% N; n = 18), and other crops (−1.36% N; n = 9). Inoculation with HAB did not improve the fermentation of corn/sorghum silages or sugarcane silage but markedly improved those of grasses, legumes, and other crop silages independent of the HAB species.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation did not significantly change corn/sorghum silage pH.
- Taxon
- corn/sorghum
Sorghum
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59)”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation reduced pH in temperate grasses.
- Taxon
- temperate grassese0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −0.17e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17).”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation reduced pH in tropical grasses.
- Taxon
- tropical grassese0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −0.17e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17).”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation reduced pH in sugarcane.
- Taxon
- sugarcanee0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −0.03e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17).”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation reduced pH in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −0.30e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17).”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation reduced pH in other legumes.
- Taxon
- other legumese0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −0.25e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17).”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
HAB inoculation reduced pH in other crops.
- Taxon
- other cropse0
- Treatment
- Inoculatione0
- Interactor
- HABe1symbiont
- Outcome
- pHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- −0.26e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation did not affect the pH of corn/sorghum silages (P = 0.34, n = 59) but reduced the pH (P < 0.05) of temperate grasses (−0.17; n = 60), tropical grasses (−0.17; n = 17), sugarcane (−0.03; n = 28), alfalfa (−0.30; n = 8), other legumes (−0.25; n = 29), and other crops (−0.26; n = 17).”
e1“Homolactic and facultative heterolactic acid bacteria (HAB) inoculants”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.