Abstract
(1) Background: The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest. At present, it is considered to be a serious threat in various countries in Europe, North Africa, and Middle East. The extensive use and the developed resistance of T. absoluta to spinosad causes some concern, which leads to the need for alternative products. (2) Materials and Methods: Several laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the ovicidal properties of a zeolite particle film on T. absoluta. The toxicity of three different zeolites and six zeolite formulations to T. absoluta eggs and larvae was determined using different exposure methods. (3) Results: In general, the formulated zeolites yielded higher egg and larvae mortality values, especially when the zeolite particle film was residually applied. Notable differences in mortality rates from exposure to zeolites compared to other products, such as kaolin, its formulated product Surround, and the insecticide spinosad, were observed. Kaolin and Surround exhibited little or no effect for both application methods, while the hatch rate was reduced by 95% when spinosad was applied topically. Spinosad yielded egg and larvae mortality rates of 100% for both application methods. Additionally, increased oviposition activity was observed in adults exposed to the wettable powder (WP) formulations. These WP formulations increased egg deposition, while Surround and spinosad elicited a negative oviposition response. (4) Conclusions: It can be derived that the tested products, zeolites BEA (Beta polymorph A), FAU (Faujasite), LTA (Linde type A), and their formulations, had no real insecticidal activity against the eggs of T. absoluta. Nevertheless, egg exposure to zeolites seemed to affect the development process by weakening the first instar larvae and increasing their mortality. Subsequently, based on the choice test, no significant difference was observed between the number of eggs laid on the treated leaves and control leaves.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Formulated zeolites generally produced higher egg and larval mortality, especially with residual application.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- formulated zeolitese0
- Interactor
- Tuta absoluta
.jpg?width=60)
Tuta absolutae1pest - Outcome
- egg and larvae mortality valuese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the formulated zeolites yielded higher egg and larvae mortality values, especially when the zeolite particle film was residually applied”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Kaolin had little or no effect on the pest under either application method.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Kaoline0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- little or no effecte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kaolin and Surround exhibited little or no effect for both application methods”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Surround had little or no effect under either application method.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Surrounde0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- little or no effecte0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kaolin and Surround exhibited little or no effect for both application methods”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Topical spinosad reduced hatch rate by 95%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- spinosad was applied topicallye0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- hatch ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the hatch rate was reduced by 95% when spinosad was applied topically”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad caused 100% egg and larval mortality under both application methods.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Spinosade0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- egg and larvae mortality ratese0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spinosad yielded egg and larvae mortality rates of 100% for both application methods”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Wettable powder formulations increased adult oviposition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- wettable powder (WP) formulationse0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- oviposition activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased oviposition activity was observed in adults exposed to the wettable powder (WP) formulations”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Surround induced a negative oviposition response.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Surrounde0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- oviposition responsee0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surround and spinosad elicited a negative oviposition response”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad induced a negative oviposition response.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- spinosade0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- oviposition responsee0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Surround and spinosad elicited a negative oviposition response”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested zeolite types and formulations had no real insecticidal activity against Tuta eggs.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- zeolites BEA (Beta polymorph A), FAU (Faujasite), LTA (Linde type A), and their formulationse0
- Interactor
- T. absolutaTuta absolutae0pest
- Outcome
- insecticidal activity against the eggs of T. absolutae0
- Direction
- no reale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zeolites BEA (Beta polymorph A), FAU (Faujasite), LTA (Linde type A), and their formulations, had no real insecticidal activity against the eggs of T. absoluta”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
Egg exposure to zeolites appeared to weaken first-instar larvae and increase their mortality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- egg exposure to zeolitese0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- first instar larvae and increasing their mortalitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“egg exposure to zeolites seemed to affect the development process by weakening the first instar larvae and increasing their mortality”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
Claim · model-written summary
The choice test found no significant difference in egg numbers on treated and control leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- treated leavese0
- Interactor
- Tuta absolutaTuta absolutae1pest
- Outcome
- number of eggs laide0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Comparator
- control leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant difference was observed between the number of eggs laid on the treated leaves and control leaves”
e1“The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a key tomato insect pest”
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