Abstract
High growth rate is one of the criteria used for the selection of species to be used in metal phytoextraction programs. This study was carried out to characterize the growth characteristics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), corn (Zea mays L), and vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash] grown on a soil contaminated with lead (Pb), with and without pH correction, to improve agronomic practices regarding phytoremediation programs. The experiment was designed as a randomized block with four replications; treatments were arranged in a split-plot arrangement, with the main plot representing the species (sunflower, castor bean, corn, and vetiver), with or without pH correction and soil fertilization, and the split-plot representing harvest periods (60, 90, and 120 days after planting). After variance analysis and mean comparison analysis of the data by the Tukey test (p≤0.05), a significant effect was observed from soil pH correction for vetiver in all of the growth variables evaluated, except for the leaf area index at 120 days after planting (DAP). Castor bean and sunflower plants in soil with high acidity conditions, without pH correction (pH˂4.0), were affected by soil Pb levels. Corn plants benefited from soil pH correction and had improved results for the plant height, diameter, and leaf area variables at 60 and 90 DAP, as well as leaf area index at 60 DAP. There was no increase in these variables between the harvest periods evaluated. Regarding phytoextraction potential, corn and vetiver had the highest Pb translocation to the plant shoots at 90 DAP and were therefore considered the most suitable species for phytoremediation of the area under study. Overall, liming was essential for improving species biomass production for all the species studied in soils with high Pb availability in solution.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH correction significantly affected vetiver growth variables except leaf area index at 120 days.
- Taxon
- vetiver
Chrysopogon zizanioidese0 - Treatment
- soil pH correctione1
- Outcome
- growth variablese1
- Qualifier
- except for the leaf area index at 120 days after planting (DAP)e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vetiver [Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash]”
e1“a significant effect was observed from soil pH correction for vetiver in all of the growth variables evaluated, except for the leaf area index at 120 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Castor bean was affected by soil lead under high acidity without pH correction.
- Taxon
- Castor bean
Ricinus communise0 - Outcome
- affected by soil Pb levelse0
- Qualifier
- without pH correction (pH˂4.0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Castor bean and sunflower plants in soil with high acidity conditions, without pH correction (pH˂4.0), were affected by soil Pb levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower was affected by soil lead under high acidity without pH correction.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Outcome
- affected by soil Pb levelse0
- Qualifier
- without pH correction (pH˂4.0)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Castor bean and sunflower plants in soil with high acidity conditions, without pH correction (pH˂4.0), were affected by soil Pb levels.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH correction improved corn height, diameter and leaf area at 60 and 90 days.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- soil pH correctione0
- Outcome
- plant height, diameter, and leaf area variablese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 60 and 90 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plants benefited from soil pH correction and had improved results for the plant height, diameter, and leaf area variables at 60 and 90 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil pH correction improved corn leaf area index at 60 days.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- soil pH correctione0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 60 DAPe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plants benefited from soil pH correction and had improved results for the plant height, diameter, and leaf area variables at 60 and 90 DAP, as well as leaf area index at 60 DAP.”
Claim · model-written summary
These corn growth variables did not increase between harvest periods.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- these variablese0
- Direction
- no increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn plants benefited from soil pH correction and had improved results for the plant height, diameter, and leaf area variables at 60 and 90 DAP, as well as leaf area index at 60 DAP. There was no increase in these variables between the harvest periods evaluated.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn had among the highest lead translocation to shoots at 90 days.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- Pb translocation to the plant shootse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 90 DAPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn and vetiver had the highest Pb translocation to the plant shoots at 90 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Vetiver had among the highest lead translocation to shoots at 90 days.
- Taxon
- vetiverChrysopogon zizanioidese0
- Outcome
- Pb translocation to the plant shootse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 90 DAPe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn and vetiver had the highest Pb translocation to the plant shoots at 90 DAP”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered corn suitable for phytoremediation of the study area.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- most suitable species for phytoremediation of the area under studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn and vetiver had the highest Pb translocation to the plant shoots at 90 DAP and were therefore considered the most suitable species for phytoremediation of the area under study”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered vetiver suitable for phytoremediation of the study area.
- Taxon
- vetiverChrysopogon zizanioidese0
- Outcome
- most suitable species for phytoremediation of the area under studye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn and vetiver had the highest Pb translocation to the plant shoots at 90 DAP and were therefore considered the most suitable species for phytoremediation of the area under study”
Claim · model-written summary
Liming improved biomass production across the studied species in soils with high lead availability.
- Taxon
- sunflower, castor bean, corn, and vetiverRicinus communisHelianthus annuusChrysopogon zizanioidesZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- liminge1
- Outcome
- species biomass productione1
- Direction
- improvinge1
- Qualifier
- soils with high Pb availability in solutione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sunflower, castor bean, corn, and vetiver”
e1“liming was essential for improving species biomass production for all the species studied in soils with high Pb availability in solution”
The same questions in other papers
ph · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 22 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
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See all 43 papers →lime · yield · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
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See all 17 papers →lime · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
184 papers in the same direction as this paper · 31 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
215 papers more in this group
See all 219 papers →ph · growth · Chrysopogon zizanioides (vetiver)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
lime · yield · Ricinus communis (castor bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.